Ubani ngokuqinisekileyo ubuntu ? Uvela phi? Ngaba utshintsho njengoko sikhula? Le yimiba yemibuzo eye yahlala ibambe iqhosha leengqondo zeengqondo kwaye liye laphefumlela inani leendlela ezahlukeneyo zobuntu.
Ubuntu Buni?
Nangona ubuntu bento esiyithethayo ngalo lonke ixesha ("Unobuntu obunjalo!" Okanye "Ubuntu bakhe bufezekile kulo msebenzi!"), Unokumangaliswa xa ufumanisa ukuba iingcali zeengqondo azivumelani ukuba zichaze enye yintoni kanye eyona nobuntu.
Ubuntu ngokubanzi buchazwa njengokuba yenziwe iipateni zesimo seengcamango, iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha okwenza umntu abe yedwa. Ngamanye amazwi, yintoni eyenza wena !
Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba ezinye izinto ezingaphandle ziyakuchukumisa indlela iimpawu ezithile ezibonakaliswa ngayo, ubuntu buvela kumntu. Nangona iinkalo ezimbalwa zobuntu zingatshintshwa njengoko sikhula, ubuntu bubuye buhlale buvumelana ngokufanelekileyo ebomini.
Ngenxa yokuba ubuntu budlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuziphatheni komntu, lonke igatsha leengqondo lizinikele ekufundeni kwesi sihloko esithandekayo. Ubuntu bezengqondo zinesithakazelo kwiimpawu ezizodwa zabantu, kunye nokufana phakathi kwamaqela abantu.
Iimpawu
Ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda i-psychology yobuntu, kubalulekile ukufunda ezinye iimpawu eziphambili zendlela umntu asebenza ngayo.
- Ubuntu buhlelekile kwaye buhambelana. Sivame ukubonisa iinkalo ezithile zobuntu bethu kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kwaye iimpendulo zethu zizinzile.
- Nangona kubonakala ukuba ubuntu buhlala buzinzile, buya kutshintshwa yendalo. Umzekelo, ngelixa ubuntu bakho bukhokelela ekubeni ube neentloni kwiimeko zentlalo, ingxamiseko ingakhokelela ukuba uthathe indlela yokubamba iqela kunye nokuthatha inkokhelo.
- Ubuntu bubangela ukuziphatha ukuba kwenzeke. Uyakwenza ntoni kubantu kunye nezinto ezikuyo kwimeko yakho esekelwe ngobuntu bakho. Ukususela kwiminqweno yakho yokuzikhethela ukukhetha umsebenzi, zonke iinkalo zobomi bakho zichaphazeleka ngobuntu bakho.
Indlela Iingcamango Ezifundiswa Ngayo
Ngoku ukuba uyazi ngakumbi malunga neziseko zobuntu, lixesha lokujonga ngokuthe ngqo indlela oososayensi abaye bafunda ngayo ubuntu bomntu. Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezisetyenziswe ekufundeni ubuntu. Inkqubo nganye inamandla kunye nobuthathaka.
- Izindlela zokuhlola zizo apho umphandi olawulayo aze ahlalutye iimpawu ezichaphazelekayo kwaye uthatha amanyathelo eziphumo. Olu luhlobo lwezesayensi lulona lukhulu, kodwa uphando olunzulu lube nzima xa ufunda iinkalo zobuntu ezifana nezizathu , iimvakalelo kunye nokuqhuba. Ezi ngcamango zingaphakathi, zingabonakali, kwaye kunokuba nzima ukulinganisa. Indlela yokulinga ivumela abaphandi ukuba bajonge ubudlelwane bangela kunye nentsingiselo phakathi kwemimandla echaphazelekayo eyahlukeneyo.
- Uphando lwezifundo kunye neendlela zokuzichaza ngokwabo zibandakanya uhlalutyo olunzulu lomntu kunye nolwazi olunikezwa ngumntu ngamnye. Uphando lwezifundo luthembele kakhulu ekutolimeni kommeli, ngelixa i- self-report reports zixhomekeke kwimemori yomntu onomdla. Ngenxa yoko, ezi ndlela zithatha ukuzithoba kwaye kunzima ukuvelisa iziphumo kubantu abaninzi.
- Uphando lwezonyango luxhomekeke kwingcaciso eqokelelwe kwizigulane zekliniki ngexesha lokunyanga. Ubuninzi beengcamango zomntu zisekelwe kulolu hlobo lophando, kodwa ngenxa yokuba izifundo zophando zihlukile kwaye zibonisa ukuziphatha okungavamile, olu phando ludinga ukuzithoba kwaye lukhuni ukuvelisa.
Iingcamango ezinkulu
Ingqondo yengqondo yinjongo yezinye iingcamango zengqondo zezona zinto ziyaziwa yiqela labalinganiswa abadumileyo kuquka uSigmund Freud noErik Erikson. Ezinye zezi ngcamango zizama ukujongana nommandla othile wobuntu xa abanye bezama ukuchazela ubuntu ngokubanzi ngokubanzi.
Iingcamango Zobomi
Iindlela ze-Biological zibonisa ukuba i-genetics iyabangela ubuntu. Kwi-classic nature versus development debate , iingcamango zezinto eziphilayo zobuntu kunye noluntu.
Uphando malunga nokulungelelanisa lubonisa ukuba kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-genetics kunye neempawu zobuntu. Izifundo ze-Twin zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukuphanda ukuba zeziphi iimpawu ezinokuthi zidibaniswe neempawu zezofuzo ezinxulumene nazo ezinokuthi zidibaniswe neenguqu zendalo. Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi banokujonga kwiintlukwano kunye nokufana koobuntu bamawele aphakanyiswe kunye kunye nalawo aphakanyiswayo.
Enye ye-theorists eyaziwa ngokugqithiseleyo yayinguHans Eysenck , odibanisa iinkalo zobuntu kwiinkqubo ze-biological. Ngokomzekelo, u-Eysenck wathi iingqungquthela zazingenazo eziphezulu, zikhokelela ukuba ziphephe ukuvuselela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, u-Eysenck wayekholelwa ukuba i- extroverts inomsindo ophantsi we-cortical, ebenza ukuba bafune amava avuselelayo.
Iingcamango zokuziphatha
Iingorori zokuziphatha ziquka uBF Skinner noJohn B. Watson . Iingcamango zokuziphatha zibonisa ukuba ubuntu ngumphumo wokusebenzisana phakathi komntu kunye nendalo. Iingcali zendlela yokuziphatha zihlola iimpawu ezibonakalayo nezokulinganiswa, ukulahla iingcamango ezithatha ingcinga kunye nemizwa yangaphakathi.
Iingcamango zengqondo
Iingcamango zengqondo ze-Psychodynamic zithonywe kakhulu ngumsebenzi we- Sigmund Freud kwaye zigxininise impembelelo yengqondo engenalwazi kunye namava abantwana ebuntwini. Iingcamango ze-Psychodynamic ziquka u-Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stage andory kunye no-Erik Erikson .
UFrud wayekholelwa ukuba izinto ezintathu zobuntu ziyi- id, i-ego, kunye ne-superego . I-ID inoxanduva kuyo yonke imfuno kwaye iyabongoza, ngelixa i-superego iinjongo kunye nokuziphatha. I-ego ihamba phakathi kweemfuno ze-id, i-superego, kunye nenyaniso. UFrud uncetyiswa ukuba abantwana bathuthuke ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwamanqanaba apho amandla e-ID agxile kwimimandla eyahlukileyo.
U-Erikson wayekholelwa ukuba ubuntu buqhubela phambili kwiinkalo zezigaba, kunye neengxabano ezithile ezivela kwinqanaba ngalinye. Ukuphumelela kunaliphi na umgangatho kuxhomekeke ekuphumeleleni ngokuphumelelayo le ngxabano.
Iingcamango Zabantu
Iingcamango ze-Humanist zigxininisa ukubaluleka kwentando yokuzikhethela kunye namava ngamnye ekuphuhliseni ubuntu. Iingorists ze-Humanist nazo zijolise kwingcamango yokuzimela , oko kuyisidingo esisisiseko sokukhula komntu siqu okukhuthaza ukuziphatha. Iingorists ze-Humanist ziquka uCarl Rogers noAbraham Maslow .
Iingcamango ZeMpawu
Indlela yokuziphatha yendlela yokuziphatha yenye yezona ndawo zibalaseleyo kwizengqondo zobuntu. Ngokutsho kwezi ngcamango, ubuntu benziwa ngamanani amaninzi . Umxholo ngowona mzekelo uzinzile obangela umntu ukuba aziphathe ngendlela ezithile. Ezinye zeendlela eziziwayo kakhulu zibandakanya i-Eysenck ye-three-dimension theory kunye ne- fiveoryory theory of personality.
U-Eysenck wasebenzisa imibuzo yomntu ukuqokelela idatha kubathathi-nxaxheba aze aqeshe ubuchule beenkcukacha ezibizwa ngokuba yi-analysis analysis ukuhlalutya iziphumo. U-Eysenck wenza isigqibo sokuba kukho ubukhulu obunzulu bobunzima: ukuxubusha, ukuchithwa kwemvelo, kunye nengqondo.
Ngethuba lokuhlola kwakhe okokuqala, wachaza ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zobuntu awayebhekisele kuzo njenge-Introversion / Exercsion and Neuroticism / Stability. Ukuxubusha kunye nokuqala ngokuphathelele indlela abantu abadla ngayo ukusebenzisana nehlabathi ngelixa i-neuroticism kunye nozinzo ezihambelana nomoya.
U-Eysenck wayekholelwa ukuba ezi zilinganiso zidibanisa ngezindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zokwenza ubuntu obuhlukile bomntu. Kamva, u-Eysenck wongezelela isigaba sesithathu esibizwa ngokuba yingqondo, esichaphazela kwizinto ezinjengobundlobongela, uvelwano kunye nentlalo.
Abaphandi abaphandle baphakamisa ukuba kukho ububanzi obuhlanu obubumba abantu. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthiwa yi-Big 5 theory yobuntu, le ngongoma ibonisa ukuba ubunzima bobunzima bobuhlanu buvulekileyo, Ubunembeli, Ukuxubusha, ukuvumelanisa, kunye ne-Neuroticism, ngamanye amaxesha zichongwe ngegama eliluncedo elithi OCEAN.
Amanani athile
Ezinye zeempawu ezidumileyo kwimbali yengqondo zishiye uphawu lokuhlala kwintsimi yobuntu. Ukuze ukwazi ukuqonda kangcono iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zobuntu, kunokuba luncedo ukufunda okubanzi malunga nokuphila, iingcamango, kunye negalelo kwizengqondo zezo zengqondo.
Sigmund Freud
USigmund Freud (1856-1939) wayengumsekeli weengcamango ze-psychoanalytic. Iingcamango zakhe zagxininisa ukubaluleka kweengqondo ezingenalwazi, amava abantwana, amaphupha, kunye nesimboli. Ingcamango yakhe yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo ngokocwangco iphakanyiswe ukuba abantwana bathuthuke ngokusebenzisa uchungechunge lwezigaba apho i-libidinal energy igxile kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yomzimba.
Iingcamango zakhe yinto eyaziwayo njengeengcamango ezinkulu kuba zifuna ukucacisa malunga nayo yonke into yokuziphatha kwabantu. Ezinye zeengcamango zikaFrud zigqalwa nje zingaphelelwa yisikhathi ngabaphathi beengqondo zanamhlanje, kodwa waba nefuthe elikhulu kwikhosi yeengqondo kunye neminye imiqondo, njengokubaluleka kwonyango lokuthetha kunye nokubaluleka kokungazi, bahlala behlala.
UErik Erikson
U-Erik Erikson (1902-1994) wayeyi-ego kwengqondo eqeqeshwe ngu- Anna Freud . Iingcamango zakhe zesigaba se-psychosocial zichaza indlela ubuntu bukhula ngayo yonke imihla. NjengoFrud, ezinye iinkalo zeengcamango zika-Erikson zithathwa njengexesha elidlulileyo ngabaphengululi bexesha elide, kodwa i-theory ye-eight-stage yecandelo lophuhliso lihlala lithandwa kwaye lichaphazela.
BF Skinner
I-BF Skinner (1904-1990) yayiyi-behaviorist eyaziwayo ngokuphanda kwakhe kwimeko yokusebenza kunye nokufumanisa iishedyuli zokuqiniswa . Iishedyuli zokuqiniswa kokunyanzelisa ukuziphatha ngokukhawuleza kunye namandla okuphendula. Iishedyuli ezichazwe yi-Skinner zi-shedyuli-mboleko, iishedyuli ezichanekileyo, iishedyuli ze-variable, kunye neeshedyuli ezihlukeneyo.
Sandra Bem
USandra Bem (1944-2014) wayenempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwingqondo kunye nokuqonda kwethu ngezesondo, isini kunye nobulili. Wakha iprogram yezocwangciso zesini ukuze achaze indlela uluntu kunye nenkcubeko ezidlulisela ngayo iingcamango malunga nobulili kunye nesini. Izicwangciso zezesini, i-Bem iphakanyisiwe, yenziwe ngezinto ezifana nokukhulisa abantwana, isikolo, iindaba ezixakekileyo kunye nezinye iimpembelelo zenkcubeko.
Abraham Maslow
UAbraham Maslow (1908-1970) wayengumntu weengqondo wezentuntu oye wavelisa ulawulo oludumile lwezidingo . Olu lawulo luquka izidingo zomzimba, iimfuno zokhuseleko kunye nezokhuseleko, iimfuno zothando kunye nomdla, iimfuno zokuzithemba, kunye neemfuno zokuzimela.
UCarl Rogers
UCarl Rogers (1902-1987) wayengumgulane weengqondo ongumntu okholelwa ukuba bonke abantu banomdla wokunyamekela - ukuqhubezela ukuzalisekisa umntu ngamnye onokukhuthaza ukuziphatha. URogers wabiza abantu abaneempilo ngokusebenza ngokupheleleyo , bachaza aba bantu njengabo bavulelekileyo ukuba bavelele, bahlala ngokukhawuleza, bathemba isigwebo sabo, bazive bekhululekile kwaye baqulunqa .
Iqhosha elibalulekileyo
Uhlobo lweClassical Conditioning
Inkqubo yokuqeqeshwa yokuziphatha eqala ngokuvuselela ngokwemvelo eyenza ukuphendula ngokuzenzekelayo. Emva koko, i-stimulus yangaphambili engabandakanyekanga idibene ne-stimulus yemvelo. Ekugqibeleni, ukukhuthazwa kwangaphambili kwezepolitiki kuvela ekuphakamiseni impendulo ngaphandle kobukho bemvelo. Ezi zinto zibini zibizwa ngokuba yi- stimulus kunye neempendulo ezimiselweyo .
Inkqubo yokuqeqesha yokuziphatha apho ukuqinisekiswa okanye izihlomelo zisetyenziselwa ukuchaphazela ukuziphatha. Umbutho wenziwa phakathi kokuziphatha kunye nesiphumo sokuziphatha.
Kwiingcamango ze-Psychoanalytics ze-Freud's mind, ingqondo engenazi nto yinkxalabo yeemvakalelo, iingcamango, izibongozo, kunye neenkumbulo ezingaphandle kolwazi lwethu. Uninzi lweziqulatho ezingenalwazi alwamkelekanga okanye alubi, njengemvakalelo yentlungu, ukuxhalabisa okanye ukuxabana. NgokukaFreud, into engacacanga iyaqhubeka ifuthe ekuphatheni kwethu namava, nangona singazizi ngxaki.
Ngokomxholo we-Freud's psychoanalytic of personality, i-id yinkalo yobuntu eyenziwe ngongenangqondo yengqondo esebenzayo ukwenelisa izibongozo ezisisiseko, iimfuno kunye neminqweno. I-id isebenza ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wokuzonwabisa , ofuna ukuthotyelwa kweemfuno ngokukhawuleza.
NgokukaFreud, i-ego yinxalenye engenakuqonda into yokuba idibanisa iimfuno ze-id, i-superego, kunye nenyaniso. I-ego iyasivimbela ukuba senze ngokubongoza kwethu okuyisiseko (esenziwe yi-id) kodwa isebenza nokuphumeza ukulinganisela kunye nemilinganiselo yethu yokuziphatha kunye nemilinganiselo (eyenziwe ngu-superego).
I-superego yinkalo yobuntu edibene neengcamango zethu zangaphakathi esizifumene kubazali bethu nakubantu. I-superego isebenza ukunqanda izibongozo ze-id kwaye izama ukwenza i-ego iphathe ngokuziphatha, kunokuba iqiniswe.
Isidingo somntu wasisiseko sokufezekisa ukukhula komntu siqu okukhuthaza ukuziphatha.
ILizwi
Ubuntu bunokusenza sibe ngabani, ngoko akumangalisi ukuba kutheni kuye kwaba ngumthombo wobungqina obunjalo kwisayensi kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla. Iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zobuntu eziye zacetyiswa ngabafundi bezengqondo ezahlukeneyo basincede sithole ukuqonda okunzulu nokucebisayo kwinto eyenza umntu ngamnye ahluke. Ngokufunda okungakumbi malunga nale mibono, unokuqonda ngokucacileyo indlela abaphandi abaye bazi ngayo i-psychology yobuntu kunye nokuqwalasela imibuzo apho uphando olutya luya kuhlola.
> Imithombo:
> I-Carducci, iBJ. I-Psychology of Personality: Iimbono, uPhando, kunye nezicelo. ENew York: Wiley Blackwell; 2009.
> John, OP, Robins, RW, & Pervin, LA. Incwadi yoBuntu: iNkcazo noPhando. INew York: I-Press Guilford; 2008.