Ngaba abantu bayayiyeka ngokwenene ukuxabisa ubuhle behlabathi? Uluntu lungabakhuthaza njani abantu ukuba bahlanganyele kwimilinganiselo enempilo? Ngaba kukho na into enokuyenza ukuze kuthunyelwe uxolo kumaqela alwe? Iingcali zengqondo zentlalo ziye zaphendula imibuzo efana nale minyaka, kwaye ezinye zeziphumo zovavanyo zazo zinokumangalisa.
1 - Uvavanyo lweCave Robves
Kutheni iingxabano zivame ukuvela phakathi kwamaqela ahlukeneyo? Ngokutsho kwengcali yeengqondo uMuzfer Sherif, ukungquzulana kwamanye amaqela kudla ukuvela kumncintiswano kwizinto eziphathekayo, ukunyanzeliswa kunye nokubandlulula. Kuvavanyo olunzima , abaphandi bafaka amakhwenkwe angama-22 aphakathi kweminyaka eyi-11 no-12 kumaqela amabini ekampini kwi-Robbers Cave Park e-Oklahoma. Amakhwenkwe ahlukaniswe ngamaqela amabini kwaye achitha iveki yokuqala yokuzama ukuhlangana namanye amalungu eqela.
Kwakungekho isigaba sesibini sokulinga abantwana abakufunde ukuba kwakukho elinye iqela, ngexesha apho abahloli bafaka amaqela amabini ngokukhuphisana ngqo. Oku kwakhokelela kwingxabano eninzi, njengoko abafana babethanda ngokucacileyo amalungu abo eqela ngelixa bexhathisa amalungu elinye iqela. Kwinqanaba lokugqibela, abaphandi baqhuba imisebenzi efuna ukuba amaqela amabini asebenze kunye. Le mi sebenzi eyabelanayo yasiza abafana ukuba baqonde amalungu kwelinye iqela kwaye ekugqibeleni babakhokelela kwingqungquthela phakathi kwabadlali.
2 - I-'Vololist in the Metro '
Ngo-2007, u-violinist owaziwayo uJosh Bell wayebukeka njengomculi wesitalato kwindawo esityebileyo yaseWashington, DC. UBell wayesanda kuthengisa ikhonkethi ngexabiso eliyingqayizivele lentengo ye-$ 100 nganye. Ngomnye wabaculi abadumileyo kwihlabathi kwaye wadlala nge-violin eyenziwe ngesandla exabisa ngaphezu kwe-$ 3.5 yezigidi. Nangona kunjalo abantu abaninzi baxhamla endleleni yabo ngaphandle kokuyeka ukuphulaphula umculo.
Xa abantwana behlala beyeka ukuphulaphula, abazali babo baya kubamba kwaye bawahambise ngokukhawuleza endleleni yabo. Uvavanyo luphakamisa imibuzo eminomdla malunga nendlela esingayixabisi ngayo ubuhle kodwa nokuba siyayimisa ngokwenene imisebenzi ephawulekayo yobuhle ephakathi kwethu.
3 - Uvavanyo lwePiano Stairs
Unokufumana njani abantu ukuba batshintshe ukuziphatha kwabo kwansuku zonke kwaye benze ukhetho oluphilileyo? Olunye uvavanyo lwentlalo oluxhaswe yiVolkswagen njengenxalenye yesicwangciso sazo sokuNyulisa, okwenza imisebenzi eninzi yinto engonwabisayo ingakhuthaza abantu ukuba batshintshe ukuziphatha kwabo. Kulo vavanyo, isiteti sezitebhisi satshintshwa saba yikhibhodi yokusebenza enkulu. Ngaphambi kwezitepsi kwakuyi-escalator, ngoko abantu bakwazi ukukhetha phakathi kokuthatha izitebhisi okanye ukuthatha i-escalator.
Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ama-66 ekhulwini abantu abaninzi bathatha izitebhisi endaweni ye-escalator, bebonisa ukuba ukongeza into yokuzonwabisa kunokukhuthaza abantu ukuba batshintshe ukuziphatha kwabo kwaye bakhethe indlela ephilileyo.
4 - Uvavanyo lwe-Marshmallow Test
Ngethuba lokugqibela kwema-1960 nakwiminyaka yokuqala yee-1970, isazi sengqondo esingumthiwa nguWalter Mischel sasiqhubekele uchungechunge lovavanyo malunga nokulibazisa ukuxhaswa. I-Mischel yayinomdla ekufundeni ukuba ukukwazi ukulibazisa ukuthotywa kungabangela ukuba uphumelele kwimpilo. Kwimvavanyo, abantwana abaphakathi kweminyaka engama-4 no-6 babekwe kwigumbi elinophatha (ngokuqhelekileyo i-marshmallow okanye ikhukhi). Ngaphambi kokuphuma egumbini, uvavanyo walitshela umntwana ngamnye ukuba baya kufumana unyango lwesibini ukuba unyango lokuqala lusetafile emva kwemizuzu eyi-15.
Izifundo zokulandelela ezenziwe emva kweminyaka kamva zifumene ukuba abantwana abaye bakwazi ukulibazisa ukuthotyelwa benza ngcono kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa nezifundo. Abo babenakho ukulinda imizuzu eyi-15 yokuphatha okwesibini babe nethuba eliphezulu lee-SAT namanqanaba aphakamileyo emfundo. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba oku kukwazi ukulinda ukunyaniseka akusiyo kuphela isakhono esibalulekileyo sokuphumelela kodwa kukho into eyenza ngokukhawuleza kwaye ihlala kuyo yonke imihla.
5 - Uvavanyo lweGumbi lokuShushu
Ukuba ubone umntu enkingeni, ucinga ukuba uya kuzama ukunceda? Iingcali zengqondo ziye zafumanisa ukuba impendulo yalo mbuzo ixhomekeka kakhulu kwinani labanye abantu abakhona. Sinokukwazi ukukunceda xa sisona sinye kuphela ubungqina, kodwa kuncinci kakhulu ukuboleka isandla xa siyinxalenye yesihlwele.
Ingqungquthela yavela kwingqwalasela yoluntu emva kokubulawa kowesifazane osemtsha ogama linguKitty Genovese . Nangona abantu abaninzi bebonile ukuhlaselwa kwakhe, akukho mntu ucele uncedo de kube lide kakhulu. Lo mqathango uchongiwe njengomzekelo wempembelelo yokumamela , okanye ukungaphumeleli kwabantu ukuba bathathe isenzo xa kukho abanye abantu abakhona.
Ngomnye uvavanyo lwama-classic, abaphandi babenomdla abahlala kwiqela ukuze bazalise imibuzo. Ngokukhawuleza, igumbi laqala ukuzalisa umsi. Kwezinye iimeko umthathi-nxaxheba wayeseyedwa, kwezinye zazingabandakanyekanga abathathi-nxaxheba kwigumbi, kwaye kwimeko yokugqibela kwakukho inxaxheba kunye nabadibaniselwano ababini. Kwiimeko ezibandakanya abadibaniselwano ababini ababekulo vavanyo, abadlali bawutyeshela umsi kwaye baqhubeka bezalisa iimbuzo zabo.
Xa abathathi-nxaxheba bebodwa, malunga nekota yesithathu yabathathi-nxaxheba bashiya ekamelweni ngokuzenzele ukubika umsi kubaphandi. Kwimeko kunye nabathathi-nxaxheba abathathu, kuphela nje ngaphantsi kwama-40 ekhulwini bachaza umsi. Kwimeko yokugqibela apho abadibaniselwano ababini bengayihoyi umsi, ama-10 ekhulwini abathathi-nxaxheba bayeka ukubika umsi.
Uvavanyo ngumzekelo omhle wokuba abantu bathembela njani kwiimpendulo zabanye ukukhokela zabo izenzo. Xa kukho into eyenzekayo, kodwa akukho mntu ubonakala ephendula, abantu bathambekele ekuthathethweni kwabo kwiqela kwaye bacinge ukuba impendulo ayifuni.
6 - Uvavanyo lweNtlalo yeCarlsberg
Ngaba uke waziva ngathi abantu baye bakugweba ngokusesikweni ngokusekelwe kwimeko yakho? Okanye ngaba uke wafumana ingcamango yokuqala engomntu ngokusekelwe kwindlela abajonga ngayo? Ngelishwa, abantu banokukhawuleza ukusekela izigqibo zabo kwimigwebo ye-snap eyenziwe xa baqala ukudibana nabantu. Ezi mpawu ezisekelwe kwizinto zangaphandle ngamanye amaxesha zibangela abantu ukuba bangaziboni iimpawu neempawu ezingaphakathi.
Ngomnye uvavanyo oluntu oluthandekayo, olwenziwe ngokutsha njengentengiso, izibini ezingenakulindelekanga zangena kwi-movie yemidlalo ebanzi. Zonke izihlalo ezingamashumi amabini ezi-150 sele zizele. I-twist kukuba izihlalo eziyi-148 ezisele zizaliswe ngokugqithiswa ngumbutho wamabhayisiki anesibindi.
Yintoni ongayenza kule meko? Ngaba unokuthatha esinye sezihlalo ezifumanekayo kwaye ujabulele i-movie, okanye ngaba uya kuziva utyhafile kwaye ushiye? Kuvavanyo olungacwangciswanga, akubona zonke izibini ezigqityiweyo ezigqiba ukuthatha isihlalo, kodwa abo ekugqibeleni benzayo bavuzwa ngentshiseko kwisihlwele kunye neerandi zeBarl Carlsberg. Umsebenzo ube ngumzekelo omhle wokuba kutheni abantu bamele bahlale begweba incwadi ngokufihla kwayo.
I-7-Halo Effect Experiment
Kwimvavanyo echazwe kwiphepha elipapashwe ngo-1920, isazi sengqondo sengqondo u-Edward Thorndike sicele amagosa amagosa emkhosini ukuba anike ukulinganisa iimpawu ezahlukahlukeneyo zabo. I-Thorndike yayinomdla ekufundeni indlela ukubonakala komgangatho omnye, njengengqiqo, ukugqithiswa kwimibono yezinye iimpawu, ezifana nobukhokelo, ukunyaniseka nokunyaniseka.
I-Thorndike yafumanisa ukuba xa abantu benesimo esihle sengqondo esisodwa, loo mvakalelo emihle inokuchaphazela iimpawu zezinye iimpawu. Umzekelo, ukucinga ngomntu onqwenelekayo kunokudala umphumo we- halo okhokelela abantu ukuba bakholelwe ukuba umntu unomusa, uhlakaniphile kwaye uyamarha. Isiphumo esichaphazelekayo sinjalo. Iimvakalelo ezintle malunga nesimo esisodwa zikhokelela ekuboneni izinto ezingekho phantsi kweminye impawu.
I-8 - Uvavanyo lokuSingqina lobuxoki
Ngethuba lokugqibela kwee-1970, umphandi uLee Ross osebenza nabo wenza iimvavanyo zokuvula amehlo. Ngomnye umzamo, abaphandi babenomdla-nxaxheba abakhetha indlela yokuphendula kwimfazwe ebezicatshulwa kwaye ke baqikelele ukuba bangaphi abantu abanokukhetha ukhetho olufanayo. Bafumanise ukuba kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaphi abaphenduliweyo bakhethwa, bavame ukukholelwa ukuba ininzi labanye abantu baya kukhetha ukhetho olufanayo.
Kwesinye isifundo, abahloli bacela abafundi kwi-campus ukuba bahambe bephethe isibhengezo esikhulu esithi "Yidla kwiJoe." Abaphandi bacela abafundi ukuba baqikelele ukuba bangaphi abanye abantu abaya kuvuma ukugqoka isikhangiso. Bafumanisa ukuba abo bavuma ukuthwala uphawu babenokholo lokuba uninzi lwabantu luya kuvuma ukuba luthwale uphawu. Abo banqabileyo banqwenela ukuba uninzi lwabantu luya kukwenqaba.
Iziphumo zolu vavanyo zibonisa oko kwaziwa kwiingqondo njengokwenene ukuvumelana kwesivumelwano . Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ziphi iinkolelo zethu, iinketho, okanye iindlela zokuziphatha, sivame ukukholelwa ukuba uninzi lwabanye abantu bavumelana nathi kwaye benza ngendlela efanayo.
ILizwi
Inzululwazi yezeNtlalo yintsimi eneentsimi ezihlukahlukeneyo ezinika ulwazi olunomdla ngendlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo kumaqela kunye nendlela ukuziphatha kuchatshazelwa ngayo uxinzelelo loluntu. Ukuphonononga ezinye zezi zifundo zengqondo zentlalo yeklasi kunokwenza umboniso ngophando olutshabalalayo oluye lwavela kule ndawo yokufunda.
> Imithombo:
> Latane, B, & Darley, JM. IQinisekiso leQela lokuLungulwa koLuntu kwiNkcitho. Umbhalo woBuntu kunye neNzululwazi yeNtlalo. 1968; 10 (3): 215-221.
> Ross, L, Greene, D, kunye neNdlu, P. "Ulungelelaniso lobuxoki": I-intanethi ebonakalayo kwingqiqo yoluntu kunye neenkqubo zenkxaso. Umbhalo weNzululwazi yezeNtlalo zengqondo. 1977; 13 (3): 279-301.