Indlela i-Maslow's Famous Hierarchy ichaza ngayo i-Human Motivation
Yintoni ekhuthaza ukuziphatha kwabantu? Ulawulo lukaMaslow lweemfuno lulunye lweengcamango eziyaziwayo kakhulu . Ngokwenzululwazi yengqondo yabantu uAbraham Maslow , izenzo zethu zikhuthazwa ukwenzela ukufezekisa iimfuno ezithile.
Khangela ngokugqithiseleyo kwi-Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
UMaslow waqala ukuveza ingcamango yakhe yokufundwa kweemfuno kwiphepha lakhe le-1943 elithi "Iingcamango Zokukhuthaza Abantu" kunye nencwadi yakhe elandelayo yokukhuthaza nokuBantu . Olu luhlu lwabaphathi lubonisa ukuba abantu bayakhuthazwa ukuba bazalise iimfuno ezisisiseko ngaphambi kokuba bathuthele kwezinye, iimfuno eziphambili.
Nangona ezinye zezikolo zengqondo ngexesha elikhoyo (njenge- psychoanalysis nokuziphatha ) zazijolise ekugxileni kwiimpawu ezinengxaki, uMaslow wayenomdla kakhulu ekufundeni malunga nezinto ezenza abantu babe nolonwabo kunye nezinto abazenzayo ukufezekisa loo njongo.
Njengomntu wesintu , uMaslow ukholelwa ukuba abantu banomnqweno wokuzalwa, oko kukuthi, ukuba babe nakho konke. Ukuze ufezekise ezi njongo zigqithiseleyo, kunjalo, kufuneka kwenziwe izidingo ezingundoqo ezisisiseko ezifana nesidingo sokutya, ukhuseleko, uthando kunye nokuzithemba .
Kukho amanqanaba amahlanu ahlukeneyo kaMasipala waseMaslow weemfuno. Masiqwalasele ngokuthe ngqo iimfuno zikaMaslow eziqala kumgangatho ophantsi, owaziwa njengezidingo zomzimba.
Ukusuka kwiSisiseko ukuya kwiiNkcitho ezingakumbi
Ulawulo lukaMaslow luhlala luboniswa njengepiramidi. Amanqanaba aphantsi kunazo zonke iipiramidi zenziwe ngeemfuno eziphambili, ngelixa iimfuno ezinzima kakhulu ziphezulu kwipiramidi.
Iimfuno eziphantsi kwepiramidi ziyimfuno ezisemgangathweni zomzimba ezibandakanya isidingo sokutya, amanzi, ukulala nokufudumala. Xa ezi zidingo ziphantsi, abantu banokuqhubela phambili kwizinga elilandelayo leemfuno, ezikhuselekileyo nezokhuseleko.
Njengoko abantu baqhubela phambili ipiramidi, iimfuno ziba ngakumbi ngokwengqondo nangentlalo. Kungekudala, imfuno yothando , ubuhlobo kunye nolwalamano lubalulekile. Ukuqhubela phambili ipiramidi, imfuneko yokubaluleka komntu kunye neemvakalelo zokufezekisa ibaluleke kakhulu.
NjengoCarl Rogers , uMaslow wagcizelela ukubaluleka kokuzimela, oko kukuyinkqubo yokukhula nokuphuhliswa njengomntu ukuze kufikeleleke umntu.
Ukuntuleka kweeMfuno eziPhathelene neMfuno yokuKhula
UMaslow wayekholelwa ukuba ezi zidingo zifana nezendalo kwaye zidlala indima enkulu ekukhuthazeni ukuziphatha. Izidingo zendalo, ukhuseleko, ezentlalontle kunye nokuhlonipha izidingo zaneleyo, ezivela ngenxa yokunyanzelwa. Ukuwanelisa ezi zidingo ezingaphantsi kweyona nto ibalulekile ukwenzela ukuphepha iimvakalelo okanye iimiphumo ezingathandekiyo.
UMaslow wabiza iqela eliphezulu lepiramidi njengemfuno yokukhula. Ezi zidingo azizuzi ngenxa yokungabi nento ethile, kodwa kunomdla wokukhula njengomntu.
Nangona le ngcamango iboniswa njengobuncwane obuqinileyo, uMaslow waphawula ukuba umyalelo apho ezi zidingo zizaliseka akusoloko zilandela le nkqubela phambili. Ngokomzekelo, waphawula ukuba kwabanye abantu, isidingo sokuzithemba kubaluleke ngaphezu kwesidingo sothando. Kwabanye, isidingo sokwaneliseka kokudala sinokugqithisa izidingo ezingundoqo.
Izidingo zeMpilo
Izidingo ezisemgangathweni zomzimba mhlawumbi zibonakala-ezi ziquka izinto ezibalulekileyo ekusindeni kwethu. Ezinye imizekelo yezidingo zomzimba ziquka:
- Ukutya
- Amanzi
- Ukuphefumula
- Homeostasis
Ukongeza kwiimfuno ezisisiseko zesondlo, umgaqo womoya kunye nobushushu, iimfuno zomzimba ziquka izinto ezinjengokukhusela nezambatho. I-Maslow nayo ibandakanya ukuveliswa ngokwesondo kule nqanaba yolawulo oluphezulu lweemfuno kuba kubalulekile ekusindeni nasekuhambisweni kweentlobo.
Izikhuseleko kunye nezoKhuseleko
Njengoko sikhuphukela kwinqanaba lesibini lolawulo lweemfuno zikaMaslow, iimfuno ziqala ukuba zinzima kakhulu. Kule nqanaba, iimfuno zokukhuseleko kunye nokukhuseleko zibe ziprayimari. Abantu bafuna ukulawula nokucwangcisa ebomini babo, ngoko le mfuno yokhuseleko kunye nokukhuseleka kunceda kakhulu ekuziphatheni kweli nqanaba.
Ezinye zezokhuseleko ezisisiseko kunye nezikhuseleko ziquka:
- Ukhuseleko lwezezimali
- IHeath kunye nempilo
- Ukhuseleko malunga neengozi kunye nokulimala
Ukufumana umsebenzi, ukufumana i-inshorensi yempilo kunye nokunakekelwa kwempilo, ukunikela ngemali kwi-akhawunti yokulondoloza, kunye nokufudukela kwindawo ephephile yonke imimiselo yezenzo ezibangelwa zikhuseleko nezikhuseleko.
Ngokubambisana, ukhuseleko kunye namazinga omzimba wolawulo oluphezulu luyinto edlalwa ngokuba yizinto eziphambili.
Izidingo Zentlalo
Iimfuno zentlalo ekuhlaleni kukaMaslow zibandakanya izinto ezinjengothando, ukwamukelwa kunye nokuba ngumntu. Kule nqanaba, imfuno yobudlelwane bovakalelo iqhuba ukuziphatha kwabantu. Ezinye zezinto ezanelisa le mfuno zibandakanya:
- Ubuhlobo
- Ukudibanisa
- Usapho
- Amaqela ezentlalo
- Amaqela asekuhlaleni
- Iicawa kunye nemibutho yonqulo
Ukuze uphephe iingxaki ezinjengeleko, ukuxinezeleka, kunye nokuxhalabisa, kubalulekile ukuba abantu bazive bebathandekile kwaye bemkelwe ngabanye abantu. Ulwalamano lomntu kunye nabahlobo, intsapho kunye nabathandi banendima ebalulekileyo, njengokubandakanyeka kwamanye amaqela anokubandakanya amaqela enkolo, amaqela ezemidlalo, iiklabhu zeencwadi, kunye neminye imisebenzi yeqela.
Ukufuna iimfuno
Kwinqanaba lesine kwinqanaba lolawulo lukaMaslow yimfuneko yokwazisa nokuhlonipha. Xa iimfuno eziphantsi kwamanqanaba amathathu zanelisekile, izidingo ziqala ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuthazeni ukuziphatha.
Ngeli nqanaba, kuba kubaluleke kakhulu ukufumana intlonipho kunye nokwazisa kwabanye. Abantu banesidingo sokufezekisa izinto baze benze imizamo yabo eyaziwayo.
Ukongezelela kwidingo yeemvakalelo zokufezekiswa kunye nodumo, iimfuno zokubaluleka ziquka izinto ezifana nokuzithemba nokuzixabisa. Abantu kufuneka baqonde ukuba bayabaluleka kwaye abanye bavakalelwa kukuba benza igalelo kwihlabathi. Ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yobungcali, ukufezekiswa kwemfundo, ukuthatha inxaxheba kumatye okanye ukuthatha inxaxheba, kunye nezinto zokuzilibazisa nazo zonke zinokudlala indima ekuzalisekeni izidingo ezixabisekileyo.
Abantu abakwazi ukwanelisa iimfuno ezixabisekileyo ngokufumana ukuzithemba okulungileyo kunye nokuqaphela abanye bavame ukuzithemba ngokwamakhono abo. Abo bangenalo ukuzithemba kunye nentlonelo yabanye bangavelisa iimvakalelo zokungaphantsi.
Ngokubambisana, amaxabiso kunye neentlalo zentlalo zenza oko kwaziwa njengezidingo zengqondo zolawulo oluphezulu.
Izidingo zokuzibuyisela
Kwinqanaba eliphezulu lolawulo lukaMaslow yizidingo ezizimeleyo. "Yintoni umntu onokuyenza, kufuneka ukuba," uMaslow uchazile, ngokubhekiselele kwimfuno yabantu kufuneka bafezekise amandla abo njengabantu.
Ngokutsho kweMaslow inkcazo yokuzimela:
"Kungabonakaliswa ngokungaqhelekanga njengokusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kunye nokuxhaphazwa kweetalenta, amandla, ubunako, njl njl. Abantu abanjalo babonakala bezifeza ngokwabo kwaye benza okusemandleni abo abakwaziyo ukwenza ... Babantu abakhe bakhula okanye bahlakulela kwisigxina esipheleleyo sokuba bakwazi. "
Abantu abazimeleyo bayazibona , bazibandakanye nokukhula komntu, abangabandakanyekanga kwiimbono zabanye, kwaye banomdla wokuzalisekisa amandla abo.
Iingcamango zolawulo lweMaslow's of Needs
Imfundiso kaMaslow iye yaziwa ngokugqithiseleyo ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwengqondo. Amacandelo emfundo kunye nezoshishino ziye zachaphazeleka ngokuthe ngqo kwiingcamango. Ngeli xesha lidumile, umqondo kaMaslow awukho ngaphandle kokugxekwa.
Oyintloko phakathi kwezi:
Iimfuno Awuzilandelelisi ngokukhawuleza ulawulo oluphezulu
Nangona uphando oluthile lubonisa inkxaso ethile kwiingcamango zikaMaslow, uphando oluninzi alukwazanga ukuxhasa ingcamango yezidingo zobuncwane. I-Wahba noBridwell babike ukuba kukho ubungqina obuncinane bokusekwa kwaMaslow kwezi zidingo kunye nobungqina obuncinane bokuthi ezi zidingo zikhokelo.
Iingcamango zinzima ukuvavanya
Okunye ukugxekwa kwinqaku likaMaslow yenkcazo yokuba inkcazelo yakhe yokuziphendulela kunzima ukuvavanya isayensi. Uphando lwakhe malunga nokuziphendulela lwalo lusekelwe kwisampula esincinci kakhulu kubantu, kuquka abantu ababaziyo kunye neengxelo zezilwanyana zabantu abadumileyo uMaslow akholelwa ukuba uqobo lwakhe.
Ngoko Kutheni Ubukhulu bobukhulu beMaslow boMfuno be-Influential?
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba zezi ngongoma, ulawulo lukaMaslow lweemfuno lubonisa inxalenye ebalulekileyo yokuguquka kwengqondo. Esikhundleni sokugxila ekuziphatheni okungaqhelekanga nophuhliso, iingqondo zeMaslow zengqondo zijolise ekuphuhliseni abantu abaphilileyo.
Nangona kwakukho uphando oluncinci olweseka i-theory, ulawulo lweemfuno luyaziwa kwaye luyaziwayo ngokubanzi nangaphandle kweengqondo. Kwiphononongo epapashwe ngo-2011, abaphandi baseYunivesithi yase-Illinois bazimisele ukubeka uvavanyo oluphezulu.
Oko bakufumanisa kukuba ngoxa ukuzaliseka kweemfuno kwaxhamla kakhulu kunye nolonwabo, abantu abavela kwiinkcubeko kuwo wonke umhlaba babika ukuba ukuzenzekela ngokwabo kunye neentlalo zentlalo kubalulekile nangona ezininzi iimfuno ezingundoqo ezingagqibekanga.
Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ngelixa ezi mfuno zingabakhuthazi abanokuziphatha kwabantu, abayithathi imfomfono ephakanyisiweyo iMaslow ichazwe.
> Imithombo:
> Maslow, AH. Iingcamango zengqondo yabantu. Qala Ukushicilela; 2012.
> Tay, L, & Diener, E. Izidingo kunye nentlalo ngokuzimeleyo emhlabeni jikelele . Umbhalo woBuntu kunye neNzululwazi yeNtlalo . 2011; 101 (2): 354-365. INGXELO: 10.1037 / a0023779.
> Wahba, MA, & Bridwell, LG. UMaslow uphinde wahlaziywa: Ukuphononongwa kophando malunga nemfuneko yokufundwa kobuchule. Ukuziphatha kweNtlangano kunye nokuSebenza koLuntu. 1976; 15: 212-240.