Ngaba iingqondo zeengqondo zicinga njani ngokufunda kunye nengqondo yomntu kunye nokuziphatha? I-Psychology inesihloko esinjalo kwaye ukuhambisa ubunzulu nobubanzi besihloko kunokuba nzima. Ngenxa yoko, inqanaba lamagatsha ekhethekileyo kunye ahlukeneyo yeengqondo ziye zavela ukujongana neengqungquthela ezithile zengqondo ekufundeni kwengqondo, ingqondo kunye nokuziphatha.
Isebe ngalinye okanye intsimi lijongana nemibuzo kunye neengxaki ukusuka kwindlela eyahlukileyo.
Nangona nganye ingqalelo kwiingxaki zengqondo okanye ukukhathazeka, zonke iindawo ziba nenjongo efanayo yokufunda nokucacisa ingcamango yabantu nokuziphatha.
I-Psychology inokuhlukaniswa ngokubanzi kwiindawo ezibini ezibalulekileyo:
- Uphando, olufuna ukwandisa isiseko sethu solwazi
- Ziqhelise , apho ulwazi lwethu lisetyenziselwa ukuxazulula iingxaki kwihlabathi lenene
Ngenxa yokuba ukuziphatha kwabantu kuhlukeneyo, inani leenkcenkceshana zengqondo zisoloko zikhula kwaye zikhula. Ezinye zale ndawo zingqongileyo zizinzile njengemimandla enomdla, kwaye iikholeji ezininzi kunye neeyunivesithi zinikeza izifundo kunye neeprogram kulezi zihloko.
Intsimi nganye yeengqondo zimela indawo ethile yokufunda ejoliswe kwisihloko esithile. Izihlandlo, iingcali zeengqondo zijolise kwizinye zezi ndawo njengemisebenzi. Ezi zilandelayo ziphela zamasebe amakhulu angokwengqondo. Kwemininzi yale mimandla ekhethekileyo, ukusebenza kuloo ndawo ethile kudinga uphando olongezelelweyo lwezifundo kuloo ndawo.
Psychology engavamile
Ingqondo yengqondo engavumelekanga yindawo ekujongene ngayo ne-psychopathology nokuziphatha okungavumelekanga. Iingcali zempilo yengqondo zinokuphonononga, ukuxilonga, nokuphatha ezininzi iintlobo zeengxaki zengqondo kuquka ukuxhalaba nokuxinezeleka. Abacebisi, iingcali zeengqondo kunye neengqondo ze-psychotherapists zidla ngokusebenza ngqo kule ntsimi.
I-Psychology
Ingqondo yesimo sengqondo , eyaziwayo nangokuziphatha, yimbono yokufunda esekelwe kwingcamango yokuba zonke iindlela zokuziphatha zifunyanwa ngokusebenzisa imeko. Nangona eli candelo leengqondo lilawulwa kwintsimi ngethuba lokuqala kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinamashumi amabini, lwaba libalaseleyo ngaphaya kwee-1950. Nangona kunjalo, izakhono zokuziphatha zihlala zisisiseko sonyango, imfundo kunye nezinye iindawo.
Abantu bavame ukusebenzisa izicwangciso zokuziphatha ezifana nesimo sengqondo kunye nesimo sokusebenza ukufundisa okanye ukuguqula iimpawu zokuziphatha. Umzekelo, utitshala angasebenzisa inkqubo yembuyekezo ukuze afundise abafundi ukuba baziphathe ngeklasi. Xa abafundi bekulungele, bafumana iinkwenkwezi zegolide ezinokuthi zitshintshelwe ngolunye uhlobo lwelungelo elikhethekileyo.
Biopsychology
I-Biopsychology iyisebe leengqondo zijolise ngendlela ubuchopho, i-neurons, kunye neenkqubo zesantya ezichaphazela ngayo iingcinga, iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha. Le ntsimi idonsa kwiinkalo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo kubandakanya ingqondo yesiseko, ingqondo yengqondo, i-biology, i-physiology, i-psychology kwengqondo kunye neuroscience.
Abantu abasebenza kule ntsimi bahlala becinga ukuba ukulimala kwengqondo kunye nezifo zengqondo zithinta njani ukuziphatha kwabantu. I-Biopsychology ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba yingqondo yengqondo, i-neuroscience, okanye i-psychobiology.
Psychology
Ingqondo yengqondo yisebe yeengqondo ezithintele ukuvavanywa kunye nokuphathwa kwengqondo yengqondo, ukuziphatha okungavamile, kunye neengxaki zengqondo . Oogqirha bahlala besebenza kwimisebenzi yabucala, kodwa baninzi basebenza kumaziko oluntu okanye kwiiyunivesithi nakwiikholeji. Abanye basebenza kwizicwangciso zesibhedlele okanye iikliniki zempilo yengqondo njengenxalenye yeqela elidibeneyo elinokubandakanya oogqirha, abagula ngengqondo kunye nezinye iingcali zempilo yengqondo.
Psychology Cognitive
Ingqondo yeengqondo iyisebe leengqondo ejolise kwingxelo yengqondo yangaphakathi. Le ndawo yengqondo iqhubekile ukukhula njengoko ivela kuma-1960.
Le ndawo yengqondo isekelwe kwisayensi indlela abantu bacinga ngayo, bafunde, kwaye bakhumbule.
Iingcali zengqondo ezisebenza kule ntsimi zihlala zifunda izinto ezifana nokucinga, ukukhuthazwa , imvakalelo, ulwimi, ukufunda, imemori, ingqwalasela , ukwenza izigqibo , kunye nokulungisa ingxaki . Iingcali zengqondo zengqondo zisoloko zisebenzisa i-model-processing model ukuchaza indlela ingqondo esebenza ngayo, ebonisa ukuba ingqondo igcina kunye neenkqubo iinkcukacha ezinjengekhomputha.
Psychology
Ingqondo yokuqhathanisa yisebe yeengqondo ezithintekayo ekufundeni ukuziphatha kwezilwanyana. Ukufunda ukuziphatha kwezilwanyana kunokukhokelela ekuqondeni ngokubanzi nokubanzi kwengqondo yengqondo. Le ndawo inomngcipheko kumsebenzi wabaphandi abafana noCharles Darwin noGeorges Romanes kwaye sele bekhulile ibe yimixholo emininzi yezifundo. Iingcali zeengqondo zidla ngokufaka isandla kule ntsimi, njengabo abaphilayo bezinto eziphilayo, i-anthropologists, i-ecology, i-geneticists, nabanye abaninzi.
UkuCetyiswa kwengqondo
Ukucetyiswa kwengqondo ngenye yezona ndawo ezincinci eziphantsi kweengqondo. Kujoliswe ekuphatheni abathengi abanengxaki yengqondo kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zempawu zeengqondo. I-Society of Counseling Psychology ichaza intsimi njengendawo engayithucula ukusebenza ngokusemthethweni kulo lonke ubomi ngokuphucula impilo yezempilo nentlalo kunye nokujongana nokukhathazeka malunga nempilo, umsebenzi, intsapho, umtshato kunye nokunye.
I-Psychology
I-Psychology ye-cross-culture yisebe yeengqondo ejongene nendlela iinkcubeko zithinta ngayo ukuziphatha kwabantu. I-International Association of Cross-Cultural Psychology (IACCP) yasungulwa ngowe-1972, kwaye eli sebe leengqondo liqhubekile likhula kwaye liphuhlise ukususela ngelo xesha. Namhlanje, inani elinyukayo labafundi beengqondo liphanda indlela ukuziphatha okungafani ngayo kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo kwihlabathi lonke.
UPhuhliso lweeNzululwazi
Uphuhliso lweengqondo lubhekiselele kwindlela abantu batshintsha ngayo kwaye bakhule kulo lonke ixesha lokuphila. Ucwaningo lwezenzululwazi zophuhliso loluntu lufuna ukuqonda nokucacisa indlela kwaye kutheni abantu batshintsha ubomi. Iingcali zengqondo zithuthuka zihlala zifunda izinto ezifana nokukhula ngokomzimba, ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo, utshintsho lweemvakalelo, ukukhula koluntu, kunye noshintsho oluthile oluqhubekayo kwixesha lokuphila.
Ezi zengqondo zikarhulumente ngokubanzi njengengane, umntwana, ulutsha, okanye uphuhliso lwamayeza, ngelixa abanye banokufunda iziphumo zokulibaziseka kokuphuhliswa. Le ntsimi iquka uluhlu oluninzi lwezihloko eziquka yonke into ukususela ekuzalweni kokubeletha ukuya kwisifo se-Alzheimer.
Psychology yezemfundo
I-psychology yezemfundo yisebe leengqondo ezithintekayo kwizikolo, ukufundisa iingqondo, imfundo kunye nokukhathazeka kwabafundi. Iingcali zeengqondo zihlala zifunda ukuba abafundi bafunda njani okanye basebenza ngokuthe ngqo nabafundi, abazali, ootitshala, nabalawuli ukuphucula iziphumo zabafundi. Bangase bafunde indlela iimpawu ezahlukileyo ezichaphazela ngayo iziphumo zabafundi ngabanye. Baphinde bafunde izihloko ezifana nokukhubazeka kokufunda, ubuchule, inkqubo yokufundisa, kunye nokwahlukana komntu ngamnye.
Psychology yovavanyo
Ingqondo yengqondo yisebe yeengqondo ezisebenzisa iindlela zesayensi ukuphanda ingqondo kunye nokuziphatha. Zininzi zalezi zindlela zisetyenziswe kwezinye iindawo zengqondo ukuqhuba uphando kwizinto zonke ukusuka ekuphuhlisweni kwabantwana ukuya kwimicimbi yoluntu. Iingcali zengqondo zengqondo zisebenza kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo eziquka iikholeji, iikoleji, amaziko ophando, urhulumente karhulumente kunye namashishini abucala.
Iingcali zengqondo zengqondo zisebenzisa indlela yezenzululwazi yokufunda uluhlu olubanzi lweendlela zokuziphatha kwabantu kunye neengqondo zengqondo. Leli gama leengqondo lidla ngokubhekwa njengendawo encinci ephantsi kwengqondo, kodwa ubuchule kunye nezindlela ezisetyenziswayo zisetyenziswe ngokubanzi kuyo yonke indawo engaphantsi kwengqondo. Ezinye zeendlela ezisetyenziselwa ingqondo yezovavanyo zibandakanya uvavanyo, izifundo ezihambelanayo , izifundo zecala kunye nokubonwa kwemvelo .
Psychology
Ingqondo ye-forensic yindawo ekhethekileyo ejongene nemiba enxulumene nengqondo kunye nomthetho. Abo ba sebenza kule nkalo yeengqondo zisebenza kwimigaqo yengqondo kwimicimbi yezomthetho. Oku kungabandakanya ukufunda ukuziphatha okubi kwaye unyango okanye ukusebenza ngqo kwinkqubo yenkundla.
Iingcali zeengqondo zeengcali zenza imisebenzi ehlukahlukeneyo, kubandakanywa ukunikezela ubungqina kwiimeko zamatyala, ukuvavanya abantwana kwimeko ekhunjulwayo yokuxhaphazwa kwabantwana, ukulungiselela abantwana ukuba banike ubungqina kunye nokuvavanya ubuchule bengqondo babantu abasesikweni.
Eli sebe lezengqondo lichazwa njenge-intersection ye-psychology kunye nomthetho, kodwa iingcali zengqondo zengqesho zingenza iindima ezininzi ukwenzela ukuba le nkcazo ihluke. Kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu abasebenza ngaphakathi kwengqondo yezobugcisa akusoloko "ngabaphathi beengqondo." Aba bantu banokuba ngabagulane beengqondo, izikolo zeengqondo , izazi ze-neurologists okanye abacebisi ababolekisa ubuchule babo beengqondo ukuba banikele ubungqina, uhlalutyo okanye iingcebiso kumatyala omthetho okanye olwaphulo-mthetho.
Psychology yezeMpilo
Ingqondo yengqondo yindawo ekhethekileyo ejolise kwindlela i-biology, i-psychology, ukuziphatha kunye neentlalo zichaphazela impilo kunye nokugula. Eminye imigaqo kuquka i-psychology yezokwelapha kunye namayeza okuziphatha ngamanye amaxesha asetyenziswa ngokuthe tye kunye nexesha lempilo yengqondo. Insimba yengqondo yezempilo ijolise ekukhuthazeni impilo kunye nokuthintela nokunyangwa kwezifo nokugula.
Iingcali zeengqondo zempilo zinomdla ekuphuculeni impilo kwimimandla ehlukahlukeneyo. Ezi zengcali azikhuthazi kuphela ukuziphatha okunempilo, zisebenza ngokuthintela nokukhuselwa kwezifo nezifo. Iingcali zengqondo zengqondo zihlala zijongana nemicimbi enxulumene nempilo efana nokulawulwa kobunzima, ukuyeka ukutshaya, ukulawula uxinzelelo, kunye nokutya.
Bangaphinda baphande ngendlela abantu abajamelene ngayo nezifo kwaye bancede izigulane zikhangele izicwangciso ezintsha zokusebenza ngokuphumelelayo. Abanye abaqeqeshi beli candelo banceda ukucwangcisa iinkqubo zokukhusela kunye noluntu, ngelixa abanye basebenza ngaphakathi kurhulumente ukuphucula imigaqo-nkqubo yempilo.
I-Psychology Industrial-Organisation
Inzululwazi yezentengiselwano-mbutho yisebe eyenza imigaqo engokwengqondo yophando kwimibandela yendawo yokusebenza njengemveliso kunye nokuziphatha. Le ntsimi yeengqondo, edlalwa ngokuba yi-I / O yengqondo, isebenza ekuphuculeni umkhiqizo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwindawo yokusebenzela kunye nokuphucula ubuchule babasebenzi. Uphando kwi-IO yengqondo lwaziwa njengoluphando olusetyenziswayo ngoba lufuna ukucombulula iingxaki zehlabathi. IOo-psychologists bafunda izihloko ezifana nezimo zengqondo zabasebenzi, iziphathamandla zabasebenzi, iinkqubo zentlangano, kunye nobunkokeli.
Ezinye izazi zengqondo kule ntsimi zisebenza kwiindawo ezinjengezinto zomntu , i-ergonomics kunye nokusebenzisana komntu. Iingxaki zengqondo yintsimi yintsimi eyahlukeneyo egxininisa kwizihloko ezifana nephutha lomntu, ukuveliswa kwemveliso, i-ergonomics, amandla omntu kunye nokusebenzisana komntu. Abantu abasebenza kwimibandela yabantu bajolise ekuphuculeni indlela abantu abasebenzisana ngayo nemveliso kunye noomatshini ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwendawo yokusebenzela. Baya kunceda ukuyila imikhiqizo ejoliswe ekunciphiseni ukulimala okanye ukudala indawo zokusebenzela ezikhuthaza ukuchaneka okukhulu nokukhusela ukhuseleko.
Ubuntu beengqondo
Ubuntu bengqondo yisebe yengqondo ejolise ekufundeni kwimizekelo yokucinga, iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha okwenza umntu ngamnye ahluke. Iingcamango ze-Classic zobuntu ziquka i- Theory of Psychoanalytic theory yobuntu kunye nenkolelo ka-Erikson yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo . Ubomi bemiqondo yengqondo bunokufunda ukuba izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinjenge-genetics, ukubeletha, kunye namava oluntu zichaphazela njani indlela umntu ekhula ngayo kwaye atshintshe.
YeZikolo zengqondo
Ingqondo yengqondo yintsimi ebandakanya ukusebenza ezikolweni ukunceda abantwana bajongane nemiba yezifundo, iimvakalelo kunye nentlalo. Iingcali zengqondo zengqesho nazo zidibana kunye nootitshala, abafundi kunye nabazali ukunceda ukudala indawo yokufunda enempilo.
Uninzi lwezikolo zeengqondo zisebenza ezikolweni zaseprayimari neziziisekondari, kodwa ezinye zisebenza kwiikliniki zabucala, izibhedlele, ii-arhente zorhulumente, kunye neeyunivesithi. Abanye baye kwizinto ezizimeleyo kwaye bakhonze njengabacebisi, ngakumbi abo banesigqirha esikwiingcali ezikolweni.
Psychology Social
Iingqondo zentlalo zifuna ukucacisa nokuqonda ukuziphatha kwentlalo kwaye zijongene nezihloko ezahlukahlukeneyo kubandakanya ukuziphatha kweqela, ukusebenzisana kwezentlalo, ubunkokeli , ukuthetha ngokungahambelani , kunye nezempembelelo zentlalo kwisinqumo sokwenza izigqibo.
Le ntsimi yengqondo ijolise ekufundeni izihloko ezifana nokuziphatha kweqela, ukuqonda kwezenhlalo, ukuziphatha okungabonakali, ukuvumelanisa , ukunyanzelisa, nokubandlulula . Iimpembelelo zentlalo ekuziphatheni zibaluleke kakhulu kwizengqondo zentlalo, kodwa iingqondo zengqondo zentlalo zijolise nendlela abantu abaqonda ngayo nokusebenzisana nabanye.
Psychology yezemidlalo
I-psychology yezemidlalo kukufunda indlela i-psychology echaphazela ngayo imidlalo, ukusebenza kwezemidlalo, ukuzivocavoca nokusebenza ngokomzimba. Abanye abadlali bezengqondo zezemidlalo basebenzisana nabadlali beengcali kunye nabaqeqeshi ukuphucula ukusebenza nokunyusa iinjongo. Abanye abaqeqeshi basebenzise ukuzivocavoca kunye nemidlalo ukuphucula ubomi babantu kunye nenhlalakahle kulo lonke ixesha lokuphila.
ILizwi
I-Psychology ihlala ishintsha kwaye iindawo ezintsha kunye namasebe aqhubeka nokuvela. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba akukho lucandelo elinye lezengqondo libaluleke ngakumbi okanye libhetele kunezinye. Ngomnye ummandla othile ugalela ekuqondeni kwezinto ezininzi zeengqondo ezichaphazela ukuba ungubani, indlela oziphatha ngayo, nendlela ocinga ngayo.
Ngokuqhuba uphando nokuphuhlisa izicelo ezintsha zengqondo yengqondo, abaqeqeshi basebenza kuwo onke amasebe ezengqondo bayakwazi ukunceda abantu baqonde ngakumbi, bahlangabezane neengxaki abajamelene nazo, baphile ubomi obubhetele.
> Imithombo:
> Grey, i-PO & Bjorklund, i-Psychology. I-New York: AbaPashi Abafanelekileyo; 2014.
> Hockenbury, SE & Nolan, SA. Psychology. I-New York: AbaPashi Abafanelekileyo; 2014.