U-Erik Erikson Biography (1902-1994)

U-Erik Erikson uyaziwa ngokuba yingcamango yakhe edumileyo yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kunye neengcamango zengxaki . Iingcamango zakhe zaphawula ukuguquka okubalulekileyo ekucingeni ubuntu; Esikhundleni sokugxininisa nje kwiintlanganiso ezisemncinci yobuntwana, ingcamango yakhe yengqondo ijonge indlela iimeko zentlalo ezithintela ngayo kubuntwini bethu bonke ubomi bethu.

"Ithemba liye leyokuqala kunye nelona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ebonakalayo kwiimeko zokuphila. Ukuba ubomi buya kuba nethemba elithembekileyo kufuneka lihlale, nokuba kukho ukuzithemba kunokulimala, ukungathembeki." -Erik Erikson, u -Erik Erikson Reader , 2000

U-Erikson Ungazi

Ingcamango ye- Erikson yesigaba sokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yenze umdla kunye nophando malunga nokuphuhliswa kwabantu ngokuphila. I-ego kwengqondo efundela no-Anna Freud, u-Erikson wandise inyiko ye-psychoanalytic ngokuhlola uphuhliso kulo lonke ubomi, kubandakanywa iziganeko zobuntwana, umntu omdala kunye nokuguga.

Ubuntwana

U-Erik Erikson wazalelwa ngo-Juni 15, 1902, eFrankfurt, eJamani. Unina ongumYuda ongumama, uKarla Abrahamsen, wakhulisa u-Erik ngokwalo ixesha ngaphambi kokutshata nodokotela, uDkt. Theodor Homberger. Inyaniso yokuba u-Homberger wayengekho, enyanisweni, uyise wakhe wezinto eziphilayo wayefihliwe ku-Erikson iminyaka emininzi. Xa ekugqibeleni wafunda inyaniso, u-Erikson wasala edidekile malunga nokuba wayengubani ngempela.

Ibali eliqhelekileyo kukuba unina noyise babesahlukanise ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwakhe, kodwa into eyayiqaphelisayo yayikukuba wayengumntwana wakhe nonina. "- U-Erikson i-obituary, i- New York Times, ngoMeyi 13, 1994

La mava amandulo aye wanceda umdla wakhe ekudaleni ubunikazi.

Nangona oku kubonakala ngathi kungumdla othakazelisayo ngelifa lakhe, imfihlelo phezu komzali we-Erikson yabazali njengenye yeyona nto ibangela ukuba abe nomdla emva koko. Kamva kamva uchaza ukuba njengomntwana wayevame ukudideka malunga nokuba ungubani kunye nendlela angena ngayo kwindawo yakhe.

Inzala yakhe kwesazisi yaphuhliswa ngokusekelwe kumava akhe esikolweni. Kwesikolo sakhe setempile, wayexutywa ngokuba yindoda ephakamileyo, eyamehlo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, i-blonde, inkwenkci ekhangeleka eNordic eyayibonakala phakathi kwezinye iikane. Kwisikolo segrama, wafunyanwa ngenxa yemvelaphi yakhe yamaYuda. La mava okuqala ancedisa umdla wakhe kwi-identity form kwaye waqhubeka echaphazela umsebenzi wakhe ubomi bakhe bonke.

Umntu Omdala

Kuyathakazelisa ukuqaphela ukuba u-Erikson akazange athole isitifiketi esisemthethweni kwiyeza okanye kwengqondo. Ngoxa wayefunda kwi-Das Humanistische Gymnasium, wayenomdla ngokubanzi kwizifundo ezinjengeembali, isiLatin kunye nobugcisa. Utata wakhe wesigqirha, ugqirha, wayefuna ukuba aye esikolweni sezokwelapha, kodwa uErikson esikhundleni sakhe wenza isicatshulwa esifutshane kwisikolo sobugcisa. Ngokukhawuleza waphuma waza wachitha ixesha elahleka eYurophu kunye nabahlobo kunye nokucinga kwakhe.

Kwakuyisimemo esivela kumhlobo owamthuma ukuba athathe indawo yokufundisa kwisikolo esikhulayo esenziwa nguDorothy Burlingham, umhlobo ka- Anna Freud .

Ngokukhawuleza uFrud waphawula u-Erikson kunye nomntwana waza wamkhuthaza ukuba afunde ngokusisigxina i- psychoanalysis . U-Erikson ekugqibeleni wamkela izatifikethi ezimbini kwi-Montessori Teachers Association nakwi-Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute.

Waqhubeka esebenza noBurlingham noFrud esikolweni iminyaka emininzi, wadibana noSigmund Freud kwiphathi, waza waba ngumonde ka-Anna Freud. "I-Psychoanalysis yayingasesikweni ngoko," u-Erikson ukhumbula.

"Ndihlawule u-Miss Freud i-7 $ ngenyanga, kwaye sidibene phantse yonke imihla. Ukuhlalutya kwam, okwangenza ndiyazi ngokwabo , kwandikhohlwayi ukuba mna. -njalo inkqubo yokwazi, ibuhlungu ngamanye amaxesha, yavela kwindawo ekhululekileyo. "

Iminyaka Yomndeni kunye Neminyaka Kamva

U-Erikson wadibana nomqeqeshi womdaniso waseCanada ogama linguJoan Serson owayefundisa esikolweni apho asebenza khona. Esi sibini satshata ngo-1930 waza saba nabantwana abathathu. Indodana yakhe, uKai T. Erikson, isazi sezentlalo saseMerika esaziwayo.

U-Erikson wathuthela eUnited States ngowe-1933 kwaye, nangona ayenakho i-degree esemthethweni, wanikezelwa kwindawo yokufundisa kwiSikolo sezoLimo saseHarvard. Washintsha igama lakhe ku-Erik Homberger ku-Erik H. Erikson, mhlawumbi njengendlela yokuzimela. Ukongeza kwesikhundla sakhe eHarvard, naye wayenomsebenzi wabucala kwi-psychoanalysis yengane.

Kamva, waba neendawo zokufundisa kwiYunivesithi yaseCalifornia eBerkeley, Yale, iSi Francisco Psychoanalytic Institute, i-Austen Riggs Centre, kunye neZiko loPhando oluPhezulu lweSayensi zoBomi.

Upapashe iincwadi ezininzi kwiingcamango zakhe kunye nophando, kubandakanya "Ubuntwana kunye noMbutho" kunye ne "Ubomi Bokuphila." Incwadi yakhe ethi "Inyaniso yeGandhi" yanikezwa i-Pulitzer Prize kunye neNcwadi yeSizwe yeNcwadi.

8 Iingcali zengqondo

U-Erikson wayengumgqirha wengqondo we -neo-Freudian owamkela ezininzi iinkalo eziphambili ze- Freudian theory kodwa wongezelela iingcinga zakhe kunye neenkolelo zakhe. Ingcamango yakhe yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yimiba ephambili kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba yi- epigenetic principle , ephakamisa ukuba bonke abantu baya kuhamba ngezigaba ezisibhozo. Kwinqanaba ngalinye, abantu bajamelene neengxaki ezifunekayo ukuba zilungiswe ngempumelelo ukuze kuphuculwe umgangatho ophakathi kwinqanaba ngalinye.

Iinqanaba ezisibhozo ze-Erikson yeengqondo zengqondo yinto into efundwa ngayo yonke i-psychology student njengoko ihlolisisa imbali yobuntu bengqondo. Ngokufana nesigqirha se-psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, u-Erikson ukholelwa ukuba ubuntu bukhula kwinqanaba lezigaba. Ingcamango ka-Erikson ibonisa ukutshintsha kwimbali ye-Freud yongqondo yoxhatshazo kuba ichaza impembelelo yamava asekuhlaleni kuzo zonke iindawo zokuphila kunokugxininisa kwimicimbi yabantwana.

Nangona inkolelo kaFrud yokuphuhlisa ubundlobongela iphela ekupheleni komdala, ingcamango ka-Erikson ichaze ukuphuhliswa kwimihla yonke yobomi ukususela ekuzalweni kwaze kwaba sekufeni.

Izigaba ezisibhozo eziphambili ezichazwe zi:

1. Ithemba kunye nokungathembeki: Eli nqanaba livela phakathi kweminyaka yokuzalwa kunye neminyaka emi-2 kwaye ijolise ekuphuhliseni umuzwa wokuthembela kubaxhasi kunye nehlabathi. Abantwana abafumana unyameko lokuphendula bayakwazi ukuphucula umgangatho wengqondo wengqondo.
2. Ukuzimela ngokumelene nohlazo nokungaqiniseki: Eli nqanaba lwenzeka phakathi kweminyaka engama-2 no-3 kwaye luquka ukufumana ukuzimela kunye nokulawula komntu. Impumelelo kweli nqanaba ivumela abantu ukuba bahlakulele ukuzimisela nokuzimisela.
3. Ukuqala ngokumalunga nokuthotywa: Phakathi kweminyaka engama-3 no-6 ubudala, abantwana baqala ukuhlola imeko yabo kwaye balawula ngakumbi ukukhetha kwabo. Ngokufezekisa ngempumelelo le nqanaba, abantwana bayakwazi ukuphuhlisa umqondo wenjongo.
4. Icandelo ngokubhekiselele kwi-Inferiority: Isigaba esenzeka phakathi kweminyaka engama-5 no-11 sijolise ekuphuculeni ukuzingca nokufezekisa. Ukuphumelela kweli nqanaba ekuphuhliseni kukhokelela ekubeni unengqondo.
5. Identity vs. Confusion: Umntwana osemtsha uyithuba lokuphanda. Abo banako ukuphucula ngempumelelo i-identity identity bahlakulela ukuthembeka. Abo bangagqibeli eli nqanaba banokushiywa badidekile ngendima yabo nendawo ebomini.
6. Ulwalamano olubhekiselele kwi-Isolation: Isigaba esenzekayo ekukhuleni komntu osempilweni ngokuphathelele ukudala ubudlelwane obuhle nabanye. Ukuphumelela kubangela ukuba bakwazi ukwenza ukuzibophezela, ukuhlala kunye nokukhulisa ubudlelwane nabanye.
7. Ubudala kunye noHlawulo: Kwinqanaba elenzekayo phakathi kwabantu abadala, abantu banenkxalabo yokunikela into ebantwini kunye nokushiya uphawu lwabo kwihlabathi. Ukukhulisa intsapho kunye nokuqhuba imisebenzi yimibini ebalulekileyo ebangela ukuba uphumelele kule nqanaba.
8. Ukunyaniseka kunye nokuphelelwa yithemba: Inqanaba lokugqibela lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kwengqondo lwenzeka ekupheleni komntu osempilweni kwaye luquka ukuzibonakalisa ebomini. Abo bajonga emva baze bazive baneliseko lokweneliseka kuba nesimo sengqibelelo kunye nobulumko, ngelixa abo basalayo bezisola banokuva nosizi.

U-Erikson kunye neNkcenkcazo yoLwazi

Ngaba uye waziva udidekile malunga nendawo yakho ebomini okanye awuqinisekanga ukuba uyazi ngokwenene wena? Ukuba kunjalo, unokufumana ubunzima besazisi. U-Erikson waqulunqa igama elithi "ingxaki yesazisi" kwaye wayekholelwa ukuba yinto enye ebaluleke kakhulu kwimibango abantu abajongene nayo ngexesha lophuhliso. Ngokuka-Erikson, ingxaki yesazisi yithuba lokuhlalutya ngokubanzi kunye nokuhlola iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuzijonga.

Igalelo kwiNzululwazi

U-Erik Erikson wasebenzisa ixesha lokufunda impilo yenkcubeko yeSioux yaseMzantsi Dakota kunye neYurok enyakatho yeKalifornia. Wasebenzisa ulwazi awafumene malunga neenkcubeko, ezendalo, kunye nezentlalo ukuphucula phambili ingqondo yakhe yengqondo.

Nangona inkolelo kaFrud yayigxile kwiinkalo zesini-canshulwa zophuhliso, ukongezwa kuka-Erikson kwezinye iimpembelelo kunceda ekwandiseni nasekukhuliseni inkolelo ye-psychoanalytic. Kwakhona waba negalelo ekuqondeni kwethu ubuntu njengoko luphuhlisiwe kwaye lufakwe kwindlela yokuphila.

Ukuqwalaselwa kwakhe kwabantwana kwancedisa ukubeka isigaba sokwenza uphando olongezelelweyo. "Uyabona umdlalo womntwana," wacashunwa esho kwiNew York Times ,

"kwaye kusondele kakhulu ukubona upende lwezobugcisa, kuba udlala umntwana uthi izinto ngaphandle kokuthetha igama.Uyabona indlela asombulula ngayo iingxaki zakhe.Uya kubona kwakhona into engafanelekanga.Abantwana abancinci, ngokukodwa, banomsebenzi omkhulu, kwaye nantoni na ekhulayo iya phezulu emdlalweni wamahhala. "

Khetha Ushicilelo

Nazi ezinye ze-Erikson imisebenzi yokufunda okuqhubekayo:

• Erikson EH. Ubuntwana kunye noMbutho. ENew York: Norton; - 1950.
• Erikson EH. Ubume: Ulutsha kunye neNtlekele. ENew York: Norton; 1968.
• Erikson EH. Imbali Yobomi kunye neMbali Yembali. ENew York: Norton; 1975.
• Erikson EH. Ingxoxo kunye noErik Erikson. Evans RI, ed. Jason Aronson, Inc; 1995.

Biographies

• Friedman LJ. Ummeli wezoLwazi; I-Biography ka-Erik H. Erikson. I-Scribner Book Book; 1999.
• UColes R. Erik H. Erikson: Ukukhula komsebenzi wakhe. I-Boston: Ncinane, uBrown; 1970.

> Imithombo:

> U-Erik Erikson, 91, i-Psychoanalyst Eye yavuselela imibono yokuKhula koLuntu, ifa. I-New York Times. Kushicilelwe ngoMeyi 13, 1994.

> Erikson EH. U-Erik Erikson Reader. AmaColes R, ed. WW Norton kunye neNkampani; 2000.