Indima yoMpendulo oMiselweyo kwiClassical Conditioning
Kwiimeko zokufunda , impendulo enemimiselo yempendulo efunyenwe kwi-stimulus yangaphambili yokungathathi hlangothi. Ngokomzekelo, masithi ukuba ukuvumba kokutya kukuvuselela okungekho nto, ukuvakalelwa kwindlala ekuphenduleni kwiphunga kuyimpendulo engenakunqunyulwa, kunye nesandi somrhumo xa uvavanya ukutya kukuvuselela. Impendulo emiselweyo yayiya kuba yilamba xa wawuva isandi somlozo.
Ngelixa ufunda iimeko zesigcawu, unokufumana kukunceda ukhumbule ukuba impendulo enemeko yempendulo yokufunda .
Inkqubo yokumisa imeko yeklasi ngokuphathelele ukudibanisa i-stimulus yangaphambili yokungathathi hlangothi kunye nokuvuselela okwenziwa ngokwemvelo nangokuzenzekelayo impendulo. Emva kokudibanisa ukuboniswa kwezi zimbini kunye ngamaxesha aneleyo, iqumrhu lenziwa. Ukuvuselela kwangaphambili kwandlela-thile kuya kubangela ukuba uphendule konke. Kule ngongoma ukuba impendulo iyaziwa ngokuba yimpendulo enemeko.
Imizekelo yokuphendula
Eminye imizekelo yezimpendulo ezimiselweyo ziquka:
- Uninzi lwama- phobias luqala emva kokuba umntu abe nolwazi olubi kunye nokoyiko. Ngokomzekelo, emva kokufaka ingozi yengozi yemoto, umntu unokuhlakulela ukwesaba ukuqhuba. Olu loyiko luyisimo esifanelekileyo.
- Ukuba isilwanyana sakho sijwayele ukutyalwa emva kokuva isandi senqwelo okanye isikhwama sivulwe, unokuvuya kakhulu xa eva loo nto. Le mpu meko impendulo.
- Abantwana abaninzi banokugonywa rhoqo, kwaye umntwana unokukhala ngenxa yezi ngxube. Kwamanye amaxesha, umntwana angase adibanise nejekethi emhlophe egqirha. Ekugqibeleni, umntwana unokuqala ukukhala xa ebona umntu ephethe ingubo emhlophe. Indlela yokukhala iyimpendulo enemeko.
- Umntu obethwa yinja ekhwazayo unokuva iimvakalelo kunye nokuxhalaba xa eva ingxolo. Ukwesaba abantu abavakalelwa xa beva i-bark yindlela ephendula ngayo.
Isimpendulo Esimiselweyo kwi-Classical Conditioning
Masiqwalasele ngokuthe ngqo indlela impendulo engummiselo isebenza ngayo kwimeko yokudala. I-physologist yaseRussia u- Ivan Pavlov waqala ukufumanisa inkqubo yokumisa imeko yeklasi ngexesha lophando lwakhe kwiinkqubo zezinja ze-salivary . UPavlov waphawula ukuba izinja zaziza kunqabisa inyama, kodwa emva kwexesha baqala ukukhawuleza xa bebona iingubo ezimhlophe zomncedisi weebhan ezinikela inyama.
Ukujonga ngokusondeleyo kule ngxaki, uPavlov wazisa isandi sethoni xa izilwanyana zondliwa. Ekugqibeleni, kwakhiwa iqumrhu, kwaye izilwanyana zaziza kulala xa ziva isandi, nokuba kwakungekho nto yokutya.
Kuvavanyo lukaPavlov lweklasi, ukutya kukumelela into eyaziwa ngokuba yi- stimulus inculus (UCS). Oku kuvuselela ngokwemvelo kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo kubangela impendulo engavumelekanga (i-UCR), ekule meko yayingummiselo. Emva kokudibanisa i-stimulus engavumelekanga nge-stimulus yangaphambili yokungathathi hlangothi, isandi sethoni, umbutho uqulunqwe phakathi kwe-UCS kunye ne-stimulus yokungathathi hlangothi.
Ekugqibeleni, i-stimulus yangaphambili yokungathathi hlangothi iqalisa ukuphakamisa impendulo efanayo, ngelophi ithoni eyaziwa njenge- stimulus . Ukukhawuleza ekuphenduleni kwesi sikhuthazo esimiselweyo ngumzekelo wempendulo efanelekileyo.
Indlela yokuchonga iMpendulo ebekelwe
Ukwahlula phakathi kwempendulo engenakuncedwa kunye nempendulo emiselweyo ngamanye amaxesha kunzima kunzima. Nazi izinto ezimbalwa zokukhumbula njengoko uzama ukufumanisa impendulo efanelekileyo:
- Impendulo emiselweyo kufuneka ifundwe, ngelixa impendulo engavumelekanga iqhutywe ngaphandle kokufunda.
- Impendulo yesimo iyakwenzeka kuphela emva kokuba umbutho uthathwe phakathi kwe-stimulus engenakunyanzelwanga kunye nesimo esifanelekileyo.
Ukupheliswa
Ngoko kwenzeka ntoni kwiimeko apho i-stimulus engenakunqunyanyiswayo ayisekho idibene ne-stimulated? Ngovavanyo lukaPavlov, umzekelo, kwakuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba ukutya kwakungekho kusinikwa emva kwesandi seetoni? Ekugqibeleni, iimpendulo ezimiselweyo ziya kuncipha kwaye zide zinyamalale, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi ukuphela .
Kweminye yemibandela yethu yangaphambili, cinga ukuba umntu uvelise impendulo ehambelanayo ukuze abe neloyiko xa eva intonga yenja. Ngoku khawucinge ukuba umntu unamava amaninzi kunye neenja eziqhawulayo, zonke ezo zinto zilungile. Nangona i-response response ephuhlisiwe emva kokufumana amava ambi kunye nenja yokuqhayisa, loo mpendulo ingase iqale ukunciphisa ubunzima okanye ekugqibeleni ilahleke ukuba umntu unamava amahle alaneleyo apho kungekho nto embi eyenzekayo xa eva i-dog's bark.
ILizwi
Impendulo enemimiselo yincandelo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokumisa imeko yeklasi. Ngokwenza umbutho phakathi kokuvuselela kokungathathi hlangothi kunye nokuvuselelwa okungafunekiyo, ukufunda kungaqhutyelwa, ekugqibeleni kuholele kwisabelo esiphezulu.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbuza ukuba iimpendulo ezimiselweyo ngamanye amaxesha ziba yinto entle, kodwa ngezinye iimeko zihlala zingxaki. Iintlangano zingakhokelela kwiziphatho ezinqwenelekayo ngamanye amaxesha, kodwa nazo zingakhokelela ekuziphatheni okungathandekiyo okanye ezingathandekiyo. Ngethamsanqa, iinkqubo ezifanayo zokufunda zokuziphatha ezikhokelela ekubunjweni kwempendulo echanekileyo zingasetyenziselwa ukufundisa iimpawu ezintsha okanye ukuguqula ubudala.
> Imithombo
- > Bernstein D. Iimfuno zeengqondo. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth; 2014.
- > Nevid JS. Izinto ezibalulekileyo zeengqondo: Iingcamango kunye nezicelo. IBoston: UCengage Learning; 2015.