Ukujongwa ngokuthe ngqo kubomi be-Skinner kunye nelifa
UBF Skinner wayengumchwephezi wengqondo waseMerika owaziwa kakhulu ngempembelelo yakhe ekuziphatheni . U-Skinner ubhekisele kwifilosofi yakhe ngokuthi 'ukuziphatha ngokukhawuleza' kwaye wacetyiswa ukuba inkululeko yokuzikhethela yayingumntu ongekho. Yonke into eyenziwa ngumntu, endaweni yoko yayikholelwa, yayisiphumo esicacileyo somqathango.
"Imiphumo yokuziphatha ibeka ithuba lokuba ukuziphatha kuya kuphinda kwenzeke kwakhona" -BF Skinner
Eyaziwa kakhulu
- Isimo sokusebenza
- Iishedyuli zokuQiniswa
- Ibhokisi leConner
- I-Recorder Cumulative
- Ukuziphatha ngokukhawuleza
Kule nqubo yokusebenza yenkqubo, izenzo ezilandelwa yimiphumo emihle ziqiniswa kwaye ngoko ezo ziphathekayo ziyakwenzeka kwakhona kwakhona kwixesha elizayo. Iimpazamo ezibangelwa yimiphumo emibi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziba nzima ukuba ziphinde zenzeke kwakhona.
Phakathi kwezinto ezininzi ezifumanisiweyo, iimveliso, kunye nokufezekiswa kwakhe kwakunokudalwa kwegumbi lokuqhuba imeko (aka lebhokisi le-Skinner), uphando lwakhe kwiishedyuli zokuqiniswa, ukuqaliswa kwezinga lokuphendula njengoluhlu oluxhomekeke ekuphenyweni, kunye nokudalwa kwe-record record ukulandelelanisa amaxabiso okuphendula.
Kwesinye uphando, uPergner wabizwa ngokuba ngu- psychologist onamandla kunayo yonke yekhulu le-20 .
Ukuzalwa nokufa
- Wazalelwa: ngoMatshi 20, 1904
- Wafa: Agasti 18, 1990
Biography
UBrr Frederic Skinner wazalelwa waza wakhulela edolophini elincinane laseSushanna, ePennsylvania.
Uyise wayengummeli kunye nonina umenzi wendlu kwaye wakhulela nomzalwana owayeneminyaka emibili ubudala wakhe. Kamva wachaza ubuntwaneni bakhe basePennsylvania ukuba "bufudumele kwaye buzinzile." Njengenkwenkwe, wayenandipha ukwakha nokwakha izinto; ubuchule awayeza kusebenzisa emva kwezilingo zakhe zengqondo. Umntakwabo u-Edward wabulawa eneminyaka eyi-16 ngenxa yesifo somhlaza.
Ngexesha lephakamileyo esikolweni esiphakamileyo, u-Skinner waqala ukuhlakulela inxaxheba kwisicatshulwa esenzululwazi ngokufunda kwakhe ngokubanzi imisebenzi kaFrancis Bacon. Wayefumana i-BA encwadini yesiNgesi ngo-1926 evela eHolen College.
Emva kokufumana idigriyure ye-graduate, wagqiba ekubeni ngumlobi, ixesha lokuphila kwakhe ekugqibeleni wayebhekisela kulo "unyaka omnyama." Ngeli xesha, wabhala kuphela amaphepha amaphephancwadi ambalwa nje kwaye ngokukhawuleza wakhula ngokudityaniswa neetalente zakhe zokubhala, nangona wathola isikhuthazo kunye noqeqesho oluvela kwintandlolo eyaziwayo uRobert Frost.
Ngesikhathi esebenza njengomabhalana kwi-bookstore, i-Skinner yenzeka kwimisebenzi kaPavlov noWatson, eyaba yinto yokuguquka ebomini nasemsebenzini. Ephefumlelwe yile mi sebenzi, uPrapner wanquma ukushiya umsebenzi wakhe njengomvelisi wezaveli kwaye wangena kwinkqubo yesifundo se-psychology kwi-University of Harvard.
Izixhobo
Ngethuba lakhe kwiHarvard, i-Skinner yaba nomdla ekufundeni ukuziphatha kwabantu ngendlela nenjongo yesayensi. Wakhuthaza into awayebhekisela kuyo njengezixhobo zokumisa imeko, ezaza zaziwa ngokuba yi " bhokisi yesikhumba ." Esi sixhobo sasinegumbi eliqule ibhar okanye isitshixo ukuba isilwanyana singacinezela ukuze sithole ukutya, amanzi okanye enye indlela yokuqinisa .
Kwakukho ngeli xesha kwiHarvard ukuba naye waqulunqa umgcini we-recorder, idivaysi ebhale iimpendulo njengomgca we-sloped. Ngokujonga kwi-slope yomgca, obonise izinga lokuphendula, u-Skinner wakwazi ukubona ukuba amazinga okuphendula axhomekeke kwinto eyenzeka emva kokuba isilwanyana sixinzelele ibha. Oko kukuthi, izinga lokuphendula eliphezulu lilandelwe imivuzo ngelixa ixabiso lokuphendula eliphantsi lilandelwa ukungabikho kwembuyekezo. Esi sixhobo saye savumela i-Skinner ukuba ibonelelwe ukuba ishedyuli yokuqiniswa esasetyenziswayo yathonya nesantya sempendulo.
Ukusebenzisa le fowuni, wafumanisa ukuba ukuziphatha akuxhomekeke kwi-stimulus yangaphambili njengoWatson noPavlov.
Kunoko, i-Skinner yafumanisa ukuba ukuziphatha kwakuxhomekeke kwinto eyenzeka emva kokuphendula. U-Skinner wabiza le ndlela yokuziphatha .
Emva kokufumana i-PhD yakhe esuka eHarvard ngo-1931, u-Skinner waqhubeka esebenza eyunivesithi iminyaka emihlanu ezayo ngenxa yobudlelwane. Ngeli thuba lexesha, waqhubeka nophando lwakhe malunga nokuziphatha okusebenzayo kunye nesimo sokusebenza. Watshata noYvonne Blue ngowe-1936, kwaye isibini sahamba saba neentombi ezimbini, uJulie noDeborah.
IPigeon yeProjekthi
U-Skinner uthathe indawo yokufundisa kwiYunivesithi yaseMinnesota emva komtshato wakhe. Ngoxa befundisa eYunivesithi yaseMinnesota nangethuba lokuphakama kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, uPalner waba nomdla ekuncedeni umzamo wemfazwe. Ufumene inkxaso yeprojekti ebandakanye ukuqeqeshwa kwamajuba ukukhokela amabhomu, kuba akukho zikhokelo zenkxaso ekhoyo ngexesha.
Kwi "Project Pigeon," njengoko kwakuthiwa, amajuba afakwa kwiqhezu lempumlo yomsila kwaye aqeqeshwa ukuba ahlasele iinjongo eziza kubakhokela umsila ekujoliswe kuwo. Le projekthi ayizange ibe yintsebenziswano, ekubeni ukuphuhliswa kwe-radar kwaqhubeka, nangona i-Skinner yayiphumelele kakhulu isebenza ngamajuba. Nangona iprojekthi ekugqibeleni yachithwa, yakhokelela kwiziphumo ezithandekayo kunye ne-Skinner yayinakho ukufundisa amajuba ukuba adlale i-ping-pong.
I-Baby Tender
Ngomnyaka we-1943, uBF Skinner naye wasungula "umntwana wethenda" ngesicelo somfazi wakhe. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ithenda lesana alifani nebhokisi le-Skinner, elisetyenziswe ngophando lukaPergner. Wadala isikhalazo esivumbileyo esinezifestile ngeflegi ye-plexiglass ngokuphendula kwisicelo somfazi sakhe sokungena okukhuselekileyo kwiindawo eziqhelekileyo. I-Ladies Home Home Ipapashwe i-athikili kwisiqwenga ngesihloko esithi "Umntwana ebhokisini," ekuncedeni inxalenye ekungaqondakali ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni isikhalazo.
Isiganeko esilandelayo saqhubela phambili ekungaqondani okungaqondakali ngaphezu kwengxowa yolutsha lwe-Skinner. Ngomnyaka we-2004 incwadi ethi Opening Skinner's Box: I-Great Psychology Test of the Twentyth Century, umbhali uLauren Slater ukhankanya iindlebe ezikhankanywe ngamaxesha ukuba umntwana wasetyenziselwa njengesixhobo sokulinga. Amahemuhemu ayenokuthi intombi ye-Skinner yayisisigxina kwaye wayezibulale ngenxa yoko. Incwadi kaSlater yabonisa ukuba oku kwakungekho nje ingxolo, kodwa ukuhlaziywa kwangoko kwincwadi kwathetha ngephutha ukuba incwadi yakhe ixhase amabango. Oku kwakhokelela ekutshutshiseni kunye nokunyamekela kwamahemuhemu ngo-Skinner ophila kakhulu kunye nentombi enhle uDeborah.
Ngo-1945, u-Skinner wathuthela eBloomington, e-Indiana waza waba nguSihlalo weSebe lezengqondo kunye neYunivesithi yaseIndiya. Ngowe-1948, wajoyina isebe lezesengqondweni kwiYunivesithi yaseHarvard apho wahlala khona ubomi bakhe bonke.
Isimo sokuSebenza
Kwi-Skinner ye- conditioning processing process, osebenzayo ubhekisele kuyo nayiphi na indlela yokuziphatha eyenza ukusingqongileyo kwaye ikhokelela kwimiphumo. Waqhathanisa ukuziphatha okusebenzayo (izenzo ezingaphantsi kokulawula kwethu) kunye nokuziphatha okuphendulayo, echaza njengento nayiphi na into eyenzekayo ngokuzenzekelayo okanye ngokuzenzekelayo njengokutshiya umunwe wakho xa uphaphaza ngephina iphoyinti eshushu.
I-Skinner ichonge ukuqiniswa njengokuba nasiphi na isiganeko esomeleza ukuziphatha kulandela. Ezi zimbini iintlobo zokuqinisekiswa azibonakalisa ukuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo (iziphumo ezilungileyo ezifana nomvuzo okanye udumo) kunye nokuqiniswa okungalunganga (ukususwa kweziphumo ezingathandekiyo).
Isijeziso sinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokusebenza kwenkqubo. Ngokutsho kwe-Skinner, ukuhlawulwa kukusetyenziswa kwesiphumo esibi esinciphisa okanye sonakalisa ukuziphatha kulandela. Isijeziso esifanele siquka ukuveza isiphumo esingathandekiyo (intolongo, ukuxubha, ukutshitshisa) ngelixa isohlwayo esibi siquka ukususa isiphumo esifanelekileyo emva kokuziphatha (ukuthatha ithoyilo elithandayo, ukufumana umgangatho).
Iishedyuli zokuQiniswa
Kuphando lwakhe malunga nesimo sokusebenza, uKonner naye wafumanisa kwaye wachaza iishedyuli zokuqiniswa :
I-Skinner's Teaching Machines
U-Skinner wabuye waba nomdla kwimfundo nasekufundiseni emva kokuya kwiklasi yakhe yamatriki eeklasi ngo-1953. U-Skinner waphawula ukuba akukho namnye wabafundi abafumana nayiphi na impendulo yengxelo ngokukhawuleza ekusebenzeni kwabo. Abanye abafundi babenzima kwaye babengakwazi ukuzalisa iingxaki xa abanye begqibile ngokukhawuleza kodwa abazange bafunde nantoni na. Endaweni yoko, i-Skinner yayikholelwa ukuba indlela eyona nto yayiza kubumba uhlobo oluthile lwefowuni oluya kubangela ukuziphatha, ukunika ingxelo engakumbi kuze kubekho impendulo oyifunayo.
Waqala ngokuphuhlisa umatshini wokufundisa izibalo owanikezela ingxelo emva kwenkinga nganye. Nangona kunjalo, esi sixhobo sokuqala asizange sifundise izakhono ezintsha. Ekugqibeleni, wakwazi ukuhlakulela umatshini owanikezela ngempendulo eyongeziweyo kwaye wabonisa izinto kwiinkalo zamancinci amancinci kwaze kwaba yilapho abafundi bethola izakhono ezintsha, inkqubo eyaziwa njengemfundo ehleliweyo. I-Skinner yashicilela ngokuqokelelwa kweemibhalo zakhe ngokufundisa nemfundo ebizwa ngokuba yiTheknoloji ye-Teaching .
Kamva Ubomi kunye noMsebenzi
Uphando lwe-Skinner kunye nokubhala ngokukhawuleza wamenza waba yinkokheli yezenzo zokuziphatha ngokuphathelele kwengqondo kunye nomsebenzi wakhe wanikela kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo yengqondo .
Ebonisa umsebenzi wakhe wangaphambili, u-Skinner wayesebenzisa inkolelo yokuveza iingcamango zakhe ezininzi. Ngomnyaka we-1948 wencwadi ethi Walden Two , i-Skinner ichaze isiqhelo esingaqhelekanga kuluntu apho abantu baqeqeshwe khona ukuba babe ngabemi abalungileyo ngokusetyenziswa kwemeko yokusebenza.
Incwadi yakhe ye-1971 ye- Beyond Freedom ne-Dignity nayo yamenza intonga yombane yokuphikisana kuba umsebenzi wakhe wawubonakala ngathi ukungafuni ukuba nenkululeko yokuzikhethela. Incwadi yakhe ye-1974 malunga neNtsebenzo yokuziphatha yayibhalwe ngenxalenye yokukhupha amaninzi amahlebezi malunga neengcamango zakhe kunye nophando.
Kwiminyaka yakhe kamva, u-Skinner waqhubeka ebhala ngobomi bakhe kunye neengcamango zakhe. Wafumanisa ukuba une-leukemia ngo-1989.
Kwiintsuku ezisibhozo ngaphambi kokuba afe, u-Skinner wanikezelwa ngempumelelo yomvuzo we-American Psychological Association kwaye wanikela inkulumo engama-15 kwindibano ephakamileyo xa yamkela igalelo. Wafa ngo-Agasti 18, 1990.
Amabhaso kunye nokuQaphela
- U-1966 u- Edward Lee Thorndike Award, uMbutho wezeMpilo waseMelika
- 1968 - iMedali yeSizwe yeSayensi evela kuMongameli uLyndon B. Johnson
- Ngowe-1971 - iMedal Medal ye-American Psychological Foundation
- Ngowe-1972 - Umvuzo woMntu woNyaka
- Ngo-1990 - IsiCatshulwa seNkcazo yePhila eliPhambili kwiNzululwazi
Khetha Ushicilelo
- I-Skinner, i-BF (1935) Iindidi ezimbini ze-reflex kunye nesimo esingabonakaliyo I- Journal General General Psychology, 12 , 66-77.
- I-Skinner, i-BF (1938) 'Inkolelo-ze' kwipigonon Journal of Psychology Psychology, 38 , 168-172.
- I-Skinner, BF (1950) Ngaba iingcamango zokufunda ziyimfuneko? Ukuhlaziywa kwengqondo, 57 , 193-216.
- Skinner, BF (1971) Ngaphandle kweNkululeko kunye neSithunzi
- I-Skinner, i-BF (1989) Imvelaphi yeengcamango ezicatshangelwayo kwiNkcazo yokuPhatha , i-Merrill Publishing Inkampani.
Igalelo kwiNzululwazi
U-Skinner wayengumbhali obalaseleyo, ushicilela amaqendu angama-200 kunye neencwadi ezingaphezu kwe-20. Kuphando lwe-2002 lweengqondo zeengqondo, waqatshelwa njengengcali yeengqondo yekhulu le-20. Nangona ukuziphatha kakubi isikolo esichukumisayo, umsebenzi wakhe kwisimo esisebenzayo uhlala ubalulekile namhlanje. Iingcali zempilo yengqondo zisoloko zisebenzisa ubuchule bokusebenza xa zisebenza kunye nabaxhasi, ootitshala basoloko basebenzisa ukuqiniswa kunye nokujeziswa ukujonga ukuziphatha eklasini, kwaye abaqeqeshi bezilwanyana bancike kakhulu kulezi zindlela zokuqeqesha izinja nezinye izilwanyana. Ilifa eliphawulekayo leP Skinner lishiye zombini uphawu lokuhlala kwizengqondo kunye nezinye iindawo ezivela kwifilosofi ukuya kwimfundo.
Imithombo:
Burrhus Frederic Skinner. (2014). Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.biography.com/people/bf-skinner-9485671.
Buzan, DS (2004, ngoMatshi 12). Andizange ndiyilungu lebhu. Guardian . Ibuyiswe kwi-http: //www.theguardian.com/education/2004/mar/12/highereducation.uk
Bjork, iDW (1997). BF Skinner: Ubomi . IWashington, DC: uMbutho wezeNgqondo waseMerika.
I-Slater, L. (2004) Ibhokisi le-Skinner evulekileyo: Iingcamango ezinzulu zeengqondo zemihla yamashumi amabini . ELondon: iBloomsbury.
I-Skinner, iBF (1938). Ukuziphatha kwamaBakala: Uhlalutyo lovavanyo. I-Cambridge, eMassachusetts: iBF Skinner Foundation.
I-Skinner, iBF (1961). Kutheni sifuna ukufundisa oomatshini. I-Harvard Education Review, 31, 377-398.
I-BF Skinner Foundation. (2014). Ulwazi lolwazi. Ukufunyanwa kwi http://www.bfskinner.org/archives/biographical-information/