Ingqungquthela yokubambisana ngokunyusa ingomnye weengxelo zefilosofi endala kunengqondo. Ngoko yintoni na ngoku?
- Ubume bubhekisela kuzo zonke iizakhi kunye nezinto ezinobomi ezichaphazela ukuba ngubani-kubonakala kwimizimba yethu.
- Ukukhulisa kubhekisela kuzo zonke izinto ezichasene nokusingqongileyo ezithintele ukuba ngubani thina, kubandakanywa namava ethu ebuntwaneni, indlela esakhuliswe ngayo, ubudlelwane bethu boluntu, kunye nenkcubeko yethu.
Ngamhla, amasebe ahlukeneyo yengqondo ahlala athatha enye ngokumalunga nenye indlela. Ngokomzekelo, i-psychology psychology ixininisa ukubaluleka kwezinto eziphilayo kunye neempembelelo ze-biological. Ukuziphatha, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kugxininise impembelelo ekusingqongileyo kuyo.
Kwixesha elidlulileyo, iingxabano malunga nomrhumo ohambelana nendalo kunye nokunyamekela ngokuqhelekileyo zithatha indlela eyodwa, kunye nelinye icala lithetha ukuba uluntu ludlala indima ebalulekileyo kwaye olunye uhlangothi luchaza ukuba lukhulile olubaluleke kakhulu. Namhlanje, ezininzi iingcali ziyabona ukuba zombini izinto zidlala indima ebalulekileyo. Akunjalo nje kuphela, baqonda ukuba imvelo kunye nokukhulisana ngeendlela ezibalulekileyo bonke ubomi.
Ukuqwalasela okujongeyo kwimeko kunye nokuvelisa imbambano
Ingaba i-genetic okanye iimeko zokusingqongileyo zinempembelelo enkulu ekuziphatheni kwakho? Ngaba iziganeko ezizuze njengefa okanye amava obomi adlala indima enkulu ekubunzeni ubuntu bakho?
Ingqungquthela yokubambisana nokunyusa ingomnye wemicimbi endala kunazo zengqondo. Iimpikiswano zamaziko malunga negalelo elinxulumene nelifa lemfuza kunye nemeko yokusingqongileyo ekuphuculweni kwabantu.
Ezinye izafilosofi ezifana nePlato kunye neDropart ziphakanyisile ukuba izinto ezithile zizalwe, okanye ukuba zenzeke ngokwemvelo kungakhathaliseki ukuba zithintela ngendalo.
I-Nativists ithatha isikhundla sokuba zonke izinto okanye iimpawu ezininzi zokuziphatha kunye neempawu ziphumo zelifa.
Abameli beli ngcamango bakholelwa ukuba zonke iimpawu zethu kunye neziphathamandla ziyimiphumo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Iimpawu ze-Genetic ezinikezelwa ngabazali zichaphazela ukungafani komntu ngamnye okhethekileyo.
Ezinye iingcamango ezaziwayo ezifana noJohn Locke bakholelwa kwinto eyaziwa ngokuba yi- tabula rasa , ebonisa ukuba ingqondo iqala njengengubo engenanto. Ngokwale ngcamango, yonke into esiyiyo kunye nolwazi lwethu luzimisele ngamava ethu.
Abaphehli bemimoya bathatha isikhundla sokuba zonke izinto okanye ezininzi iimpawu neziphumo zibangelwa ukufunda. Ukuziphatha ngumzekelo omhle weengcamango ezigxilwe kwimibono. Abaziphetheyo bakholelwa ukuba zonke izenzo nezenzo ziyimiphumo yomqathango. I-theorists efana noJohn B. Watson bakholelwa ukuba abantu banokuqeqeshwa ukuba benze kwaye babe nantoni na, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imvelaphi yabo yemfuza.
Imizekelo yendalo kunye nokuNyusa
Ngokomzekelo, xa umntu ephumelela kwimpumelelo enkulu yezemfundo, ngaba benza njalo ngenxa yokuba bafuze ukuba baphumelele okanye ngaba ngumphumo wokusingqongileyo? Ukuba umntu usebenzise kakubi umfazi kunye nezingane zakhe, ingenxa yokuba uzalwe ngumkhwenkqonkqo okanye ngaba uyifunde ngokujonga umzali wakhe?
Imimiselo embalwa yezimpawu eziphilayo (ubunjani) ziquka izifo ezithile zofuzo, umbala wamehlo, umbala weenwele kunye nombala wesikhumba. Ezinye izinto ezifana nokulinda ubomi kunye nokuphakama kunesici esicacileyo sezinto eziphilayo, kodwa nazo zichaphazeleke kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo kunye nendlela yokuphila.
Umzekelo weengcamango zomgaqo-zengqondo ngaphakathi kwengqondo yintetho yeChomsky yecandelo lokufumana ulwimi (okanye i-LAD). Ngokwale ngqungquthela, bonke abantwana bazalwa benesimo sengqondo esisemgangathweni esivumela ukuba bobabini bafunde kwaye bavelise ulwimi.
Ezinye iziganeko zibophelelwe kwimpembelelo yokusingqongileyo. Indlela umntu aziphatha ngayo inokudibana neempembelelo ezinjengeendlela zokuba ngumzali kunye namava afunde.
Umzekelo, umntwana angase afunde ngokubonwa nokuqiniswa ukuba athi 'nceda' kwaye 'ndiyabonga.' Omnye umntwana angase afunde ukuziphatha ngobundlobongela ngokubheka abantwana abadala bebandakanya ukuziphatha ngobundlobongela kwindawo yokudlala.
Omnye umzekelo weengcali zezobugcisa ngaphakathi kwengqondo ye-Psychology ye- Social Band . Ngokomxholo, abantu bafunda ngokuqwalasela indlela abanye abaziphatha ngayo. Kwiqonga lakhe elidumileyo leBobo doll , i-Bandura ibonise ukuba abantwana banokufunda ukuziphatha okugwenxa ngokujonga omnye umntu osebenza ngobundlobongela.
Nanamhlanje, uphando kwizesengqondo ludla ngokugxininisa impembelelo enye kwenye. Kwi- biopsychology , umzekelo, abaphandi baqhuba uphando ngokuhlola indlela i- neurotransmitters echaphazela ngayo ukuziphatha, egxininisa inxalenye yendalo yale mpikiswano. Kwizengqondo zentlalo , abaphandi banokuqhuba izifundo ngokujonga indlela izinto ezinjengeengcinezelo zontanga kunye neentlalo zentlalo zithonya iimpawu, zigxininisa ukubaluleka kokunyusa.
Indlela yokuHlaliswa kweNdalo noKhuseleko
Oko abaphandi abaziyo kukuba ukusebenzisana phakathi kokuzalwa kunye nokusingqongileyo kudla ngokuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu. U-Kevin Davies we-PBS kaNova wachaza umzekelo omangalisayo wenje.
Umgodi opheleleyo uyakwazi ukubona i-pitch yethoni yomculo ngaphandle kwesithenjwa. Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba olu buchule lusetyenziswa kwiintsapho kwaye bakholelwa ukuba lukanamathele kwi-gene esisodwa. Nangona kunjalo, baye bafumanisa ukuba ukuba nomthwalo wedwa kuphela akwanele ukuphuhlisa lo mbono. Kunoko, ukuqeqeshwa komculo ebuntwaneni buntwaneni kuyimfuneko ukuvumela leli lungelo elizuze ilifa lokuzibonakalisa.
Ukuphakama ngowomnye umzekelo wendlela echaphazelwa yendalo kunye nokukhuthaza ukusebenzisana. Umntwana usenokuvela kwintsapho apho wonke umntu emde, kwaye unokufumana ilifa lezinto eziphilayo ngokuphakama. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba uyakhula kwindawo engabikhoyo apho angenakufumana ukutya okunempilo, akanakuze afikelele ekuphakameni kwakhe ukuba wayekhulile kwindawo ephilileyo.
Imibono Yemihla ngemihla yeNdalo noKhuseleko
Kuyo yonke imbali yeengqondo , nangona kunjalo, le mpikiswano iqhubekile ukuvuselela ingxabano. U-Eugenics, umzekelo, wawunentshukumo echaphazela kakhulu indlela yokuzalwa. Isazi seengqondo uFrancis Galton, umzala wendalo yemvelo uCharles Darwin, wadibanisa iimeko ngokubhekiselele ekukhuliseni kunye ne- eugenics kwaye wayekholelwa ukuba ukuqonda kwaba yiphumo lofuzo. UGalton ukholelwa ukuba abantu abanobuqili kufanele bakhuthazwe ukuba batshatile kwaye banabantwana abaninzi, ngelixa abantu abangabalulekanga bafanele badikibala ukuvelisa.
Namhlanje, uninzi lweengcali zikholelwa ukuba zombini imvelo kunye nokukhupha impembelelo yokuziphatha nokuphuhliswa. Nangona kunjalo, imbambano iqhubekile kwimimandla enjenge-debate malunga nemvelaphi yobungqingili kunye nefuthe kwi-intelligence . Nangona bambalwa abantu bathatha i-nativist eyingozi okanye indlela yokugubha ngokugqithisileyo, abaphandi kunye neengcaphephe basoloko baxubusha umlinganiselo wokuba i-biology kunye nemeko yempembelelo ithinteka njani.
Ukwandisa, abantu baqala ukuqaphela ukuba ukubuza ukuba ubuninzi bendalo okanye indawo echaphazelekayo yempembelelo ethile kwindlela efanelekileyo. Inyaniso kukuba akukho ndlela elula yokuphazamisa ubuninzi bemikhosi ekhona. Ezi mpe mbelelo zibandakanya izinto zokuzalwa zomzimba ezibandakanya omnye nomnye, imiba engqongileyo echaphazelekayo njengamava esentlalo kunye nenkcubeko yonke, kunye nendlela ifa kunye neendawo ezithinteleyo zokusingqongileyo zichaphazela ngayo. Kunoko, abaninzi abaphandi namhlanje banomdla ekuboneni indlela izakhi zezilwanyana ezilawula ngayo iimpembelelo ezingqongileyo kunye nangona kunjalo.
> Imithombo:
Bandura, A. Ross, D., & Ross, SA Ukutshatyalaliswa kobugwenxa ngokuxelisa imodeli enobudlova. I-Journal ye-Psychology engaqhelekanga kunye neNtlalo. 1961; 63 , 575-582.
I-Chomsky, N. Iimpawu ze-Theory ye-Syntax . MIT Press; 1965.
> Galton, F. Imibuzo kwiCandelo loLuntu kunye noPhuhliso lwayo. ELondon: Macmillan; 1883.
Watson, JB Ukuziphatha. I-New Brunswick, eNew Jersey: Abapapashi bokuTshintshana; 1930.