Uvulindlela Wezengqondo Zomfazi
"Umnqweno wam osisiseko uhlale ujongeni inkolelo yenkcubeko yexesha elide kolunye uhlobo lwekhonkco lendalo okanye umdlalo phakathi kwesini somzimba kunye nomlingiswa wongqondo lomntu kunye nesondo." - uSandra Bem, ngo-1995
Yiyiphi into eyaziwayo kakhulu
USandra Bem wayengumgqirha weengqondo owaziwa kakhulu kule mimandla:
- Izifundo zesini
- I-theory schema theory
- I-Bem yoLwazi lokuSebenza kwezesondo
- Iingcali zengqondo
Ubomi bokuqala kunye neMfundo
USandra uRuth Lipsitz wazalelwa e-Pittsburgh, ePennsylvania, ngoJuni 22, ngo-1944. Wakhuliswe ngabazali beklasi abasebenzayo kwikhaya elivame ukuhlaselwa. Noko ke, unina wakhuthaza intombi yakhe ukuba iqhubeke nobomi ngaphandle komsebenzi wendlu. Kwinqanaba lesikolo, wayenxenxa ukuba egqoke ibhulukwe kwisikolo sama-Orthodox samaYuda kunye nokungafuni ukugqoka ingubo ephantse iholele ekugxothweni kwakhe. Ezi zihlandlo zangaphambili zifukisele uphando lwe-Bem kunye nokubhala ngezihloko ezinjengezikhundla zesini, ubulili kunye ne-androgy.
USandra waya esikolweni seCarnegie Institute of Technology kwaye ephakamileyo kwizengqondo . Kulapho wadibana noprofesa osemncinci ogama lakhe linguDaryl Bem ngunyaka ophelileyo wezifundo zakhe zakudala. Wabuza uBem ukuba ahlole iiphando zakhe ezizimeleyo kwaye bobabini baqalisa ukuba nomdla. USandra wayeyika ukuba umtshato wawungammisa emsebenzini wakhe, ngoko okokuqala waye walahla iziphakamiso zakhe.
Ekugqibeleni, abo babini bavuma ukuzinikela kwixesha elithile lacingelwa ngumtshato ongekho mthethweni, owawuvumela uSandra ukuba aphishekele iimfuno kunye neenjongo zakhe zobugcisa. Bavumelana ukuba babeza kuxanduva lwezindlu ngokulinganayo, kunye nazo zonke iimbopheleleko zabazali xa befuna ukuba nabantwana.
Batshata ngoJuni 6, 1965, xa uSandra wayeneminyaka engama-20 ubudala kwaye wayenabantwana ababini. Baqhubeka nokuzibophezela kwabo emkhatsini wabo wokulingana, ukwabelana ngemisebenzi yasendlini, ukuxhasana kunye nomsebenzi wokuhlula umzali. Ngoxa isibini eso sibini sakhetha ukuhlala ngokwahlukileyo, saqhubeka nomzali babo njengabalingani kwaye sahlala sobabini kunye noogxa.
Ngo-1965, wabhalisa kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan waza wafumana iPh.D. kwiCopychology.
Umsebenzi
USandra ufundise eCarnegie-Mellon naseStford, kodwa ekugqibeleni waqala isikhundla kwiYunivesithi yaseConell emva kokuba uStanford ephikise isicelo sakhe sokuhlala. E-Cornell, wayekhonza njengoprofesa woPhando lwaBasetyhini kunye noMlawuli weProgram ye-Women's Studies. Uphando lwakhe ngelixa e-Cornell ejolise ekubhekaneni ngokwesondo, i-androgyny ne-gender schema theory.
Indlela yeBem kwimitshato ephefumlelweyo uSandra ukuba ihlolisise impembelelo eyingozi yeendima zesini zesigxina kunye nesintu. Wakha i-Bem ye-Sex Role Inventory (BSRI), eyenzelwe ukulinganisa indlela abantu abasebenzelana ngayo neengqondo ngokuzibandakanya kwimizimba yabantu besilisa nabesifazana. Injongo yesaziso yayikubonisa ukuba kwakuyinzuzo yokuba nobuntu obubandakanya zombini iimpawu kunye namabhinqa.
Wakha iprogram yezocwangciso zesini ukuze achaze indlela uluntu kunye nenkcubeko ezidlulisela ngayo iingcamango malunga nobulili kunye nesini. Izicwangciso zezesini, i-Bem iphakanyisiwe, yenziwe ngezinto ezifana nokukhulisa abantwana, isikolo, iindaba ezixakekileyo kunye nezinye iimpembelelo zenkcubeko.
Igalelo kwiNzululwazi
I-Bem ibenempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwingqondo kunye nokuqonda kwethu ngezesondo, i-zesini kunye nobulili. Wayehlonishwa ngamabhaso amaninzi, kuquka iNkcazo yeSayensi yeNgcaciso, uMbutho weBasetyhini kwiNkcazo yokuThumela iNtengiso, kunye ne-American Association ye-Women's Young Scholar Award. Ngo-1995, iiNkcazo zeNgcaciso yeeNzululwazi kunye neMbali ye-Psychology ye-APA egama linguBem " Owesifazane oqhelekileyo kwi-Psychology ."
Emva kweminyaka emine emva kokufunyaniswa ukuba ne-Alzheimer's, uSandra wenza isigqibo sokuphelisa ubomi bakhe ngaphambi kokuba isifo siphumele. Ngokwemfuyo yakhe yasePittsburgh Post-Gazette , uSandra noDaryl bachitha usuku lokugqibela kunye kunye nohlwaya uSandra wathabatha isilwanyana waza wadlula ngokuthula ebuthongweni bakhe. Wafa ngoMeyi 20, 2014, eneminyaka eyi-69 ekhaya lakhe eItca, eNew York.
Iincwadi ezikhethiweyo
I-Bem izuze iimbasa kunye nokuqaphela ezininzi iimpapasho zayo. Ezinye zezona zidumileyo ziquka:
- Bem, SL (1998). Intsapho engavumelekanga . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Bem, SL (1993). Iilensi zesini: Ukuguqulwa kwengxoxo malunga nokungalingani ngokwesini . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
- Bem, SL (1981). Inkqubo yesahluko se-Bem yesahluko sezesondo kwincwadi yokufundisa . Palo Alto, Calif .: Ukubonisana neengcali zengqondo.
- Bem, SL (1981). I-theory schema ye-gender: I-akhawunti engqiqweni yokuthayipha ngesondo. Ukuhlaziywa kwengqondo , 88 , 354- 364.
- Bem, SL (1974). Ukulingana kweengqondo kunye neengxaki. I-Journal ye-Consulting kunye ne-Psical Psychology , 42 , 155-162.
- Bem, SL, & Bem, DJ (1973). Ngaba i-advertising-negative job advertising advertising "help and abet" ngokocalucalulo? Umbhalo we-Applied Social Psychology , 3 , 6-18.
Imithombo:
Bem, SL (1993). IiLenses zeSini: Ukuguqula ingxabano malunga nokungalingani ngokwesondo. New Haven, CT: Yale Univesity Press.
Bem, SL (1993). Ingaba kukho indawo kwingqondo yengqondo ngokuhlalutya kwabesifazane kwimeko yentlalo? Ubufazi kunye neengqondo, 3 , 247-251.
I-Bem, SL (1995) Ukusebenza ngobulili njengengqingili yesini. Abasetyhini kunye neyeza: Inkcazelo yamabhinqa, 17, 43-53.
Chronicell Chronicle. (2014, Meyi 22). USandra Bem, wesifazane kunye neengqondo, uyafa. University of Cornell.
UGeorge, M. (2002). Iprofayile: Sandra Bem. Iimvo Zomfazi Zeengqondo.
Ove, T. (2014, Meyi 22). Imfuneko: USandra Bem / Isazi sengqondo, isetyhini, ubuvulindlela kwiindima zesini. I-Post-Gazette yasePittsburgh .