Imizekelo yeSifundo seNzululwazi, Iingcebiso kunye nezikhokelo
Ngexesha elithile kwisifundo sakho seengqondo, unokufuneka ukuba ubhale ityala lokufunda. Ezi zivame ukusetyenziswa kwiziganeko zekliniki okanye kwiimeko apho uphando lwebhabhi alukwazi okanye luncedo. Kwiikhosi zezifundo ze-undergraduate, ezi zinto zihlala zisekelwe kumntu ongokoqobo, umntu ocinga, okanye umlingisi ovela kumboniso we-TV, ifilimu okanye incwadi.
Ifomathi ekhethekileyo yovavanyo lwetyala ingahluka kakhulu.
Kwezinye iimeko, ityala lakho liza kugxininisa kuphela kumntu onomdla. Ezinye iimfuneko ezibandakanyekayo ziquka ukukhankanya uphando olufanelekileyo kunye nolwazi oluvela kumxholo othile. Njalo qhagamshelana nomqeqeshi wakho ngenqaku elicacileyo lwesabelo sakho.
Yintoni yoFundo lweNkundla?
Uphononongo lwesifundo sisifundo esicacileyo somntu omnye, iqela okanye umcimbi. Umsebenzi omkhulu kaFrud kunye neengcamango zenziwe ngokusetyenziswa kwezifundo zecala ngalinye. Eminye imizekelo emikhulu yeengxaki zengqondo kwi-psychology ziquka uAna O , uPineas Gage noGenie .
Kwimeko yophando, phantse zonke iinkalo zobomi besifundo kunye nembali ihlaziywa ukufuna iipateni kunye nezizathu zokuziphatha. Ithemba liwukuthi ukufunda okufunyenweyo ngokufunda ityala elinye kunokukwazi ukusetyenziswa kwabanye abaninzi.
Ngelishwa, uphando lwezifundo luhlala luzimeleyo kwaye maxa wambi kunzima ukuvelisa iziphumo kubantu abaninzi.
Enye yeenzuzo eziphambili ze-case study kukuba ivumela abaphandi ukuba baphenye izinto ezivame kunzima ukuziphindaphinda ebhodini.
Ngokomzekelo, ukufundiswa kwimeko yeGenie, kuvumela abaphandi ukuba bafunde ukuba ngaba ulwimi lunokufundiswa koko emva kwexesha elibalulekileyo ekuphuculweni kolwimi.
Kwimeko yeGenie, ukuxhatshazwa kwakhe kakubi kuye kwamkhanyela ithuba lokufunda ulwimi kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwakhe. Oku kwacaca akuyiyo into yokuba abaphandi banokuphinda baphendule ngokuziphatha, kodwa ukuqhuba isifundo se-Genie kuvumela abaphandi ithuba lokuba bafunde ngenye indlela abakwazi ukuvelisa iziganeko.
Iintlobo
Kukho iintlobo ezimbalwa zezifundo zeengxaki ezenziwa ngabahlengikazi kunye nabanye abaphandi:
- Uphando lweziganeko zoluvo luqhele ukusetyenziswa ukuqhuba uphando. Ngamanye amazwi, abaphandi banomdla ekujongeni izinto ezinokubangela ukuba izinto ezithile zenzeke.
- Ngamanye amaxesha uphando lweziganeko ezicatshungulwayo zisetyenziswe njengesandulela sokuqhubela phambili, uphando olunzulu. Oku kuvumela abaphandi ukuba baqoke ulwazi olungakumbi ngaphambi kokuphuhlisa imibuzo yabo yophando kunye neengcamango .
- Uphando lwezifundo ezichazayo luquka ukuqala ngombono ochazayo. Izifundo ziyakubonwa kwaye ulwazi oluqokelelweyo lufaniswa ne-existingory theory .
- Uphando lweziphumo ze- intrinsic luhlobo lwesifundo sophando apho umphandi unomdla kwimeko. Ukuqwalaselwa kukaJean Piaget ngabantwana bakhe imimiselo emihle yendlela ukufundwa kwangaphakathi kwintliziyo kungabandakanyeka ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo yengqondo.
- Uphando lwezifundo zibandakanya ukufunda iqela labantu. Abaphandi bangaphinda bafunde iqela labantu kwindawo ethile okanye bajonge lonke uluntu lwabantu.
- Ucwaningo lweziganeko zecala luya kwenzeka xa umntu okanye iqela livumela abaphandi ukuba baqonde ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakala zibonakala kubabukeli.
Iindlela
Kukho iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezingasetyenziselwa ukuqhuba ucwaningo lwetyala:
- Iinjongo zokufunda ezicwangcisiweyo zeziganeko zikhona apho umntu okanye iqela labantu ligcinwa ukuze kutholakale iziphumo. Ngokomzekelo, iqela labantu ngabanye lingajongwa ixesha elide lokugcina ukuqhubeka kwesifo esithile.
- Iindlela zokufunda kwimeko yeso sifundo zibandakanya ukukhangela ulwazi lwembali. Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi bangase baqale ngesiphumo, njengesifo, baze basebenze indlela yabo babuyele ukuze bajonge ulwazi malunga nobomi bomntu ukujonga izinto ezinobungozi ezinokubangela ukuba kubekho ukugula.
Imithombo yolwazi esetyenziswayo
Kukho imithombo eyahlukeneyo kunye neendlela abaphandi abangasebenzisa ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga nomntu okanye iqela. Imithombo emithandathu enkulu efunyenwe ngabaphandi:
- Ukuqwalasela ngokuthe ngqo: Esi sicwangciso sichaphazela ukuqwalasela umxholo, ngokuqhelekileyo kwimeko engokwemvelo . Nangona ngezinye izihlandlo kubonwa ngabanye, kuqheleke ukuba kusetyenziswe iqela lababukeli.
- Udliwano-ndlebe: Enye yeendlela ezibalulekileyo zokuqokelela ulwazi kwiimeko zokufunda. Udliwano-ndlebe lunokubandakanya imibuzo ehleliweyo yokuhlola uphando okanye imibuzo evulekileyo.
- Amaphepha: Iincwadi, amanqaku epapasho, amarekhodi olawulo, njl njl.
- Iirekhodi zokugcinwa kweenkcukacha: Iirekhodi zobalo, iirekhodi zophando, uluhlu lwamagama, njl njl.
- Izinto eziphathekayo: Izixhobo, izinto, izixhobo kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo ngokuqhelekileyo zigcinwe ngexesha lokuqwalaselwa ngokuthe ngqo kwesi sifundo.
- Ukuqwalaselwa kwabathathi- nxaxheba: Ukubandakanya umphandi ngokwenene ukhonza njengothatha inxaxheba kwiziganeko nokuqwalasela izenzo kunye neziphumo.
Icandelo 1: Imbali yembali
1. Ingcaciso engaphambili
Icandelo lokuqala lephepha lakho liza kubonisa imvelaphi yomxhasi wakho. Faka izinto ezifana nobudala, isini, umsebenzi, isimo sezempilo, imbali yengqondo yengqondo, ubudlelwane beentsapho kunye noluntu, imbali yeziyobisi kunye neziyobisi, ubunzima bezobomi, iinjongo, kunye nezakhono zokujamelana nokubuthathaka.
2. Inkcazo yeNgxaki yokuNika
Kwinqanaba elilandelayo kwimeko yakho yokufunda, uya kuchaza ingxaki okanye iimpawu ezinikezelwa ngumthengi. Chaza nayiphi na impawu, ngokomzwelo, okanye kwiimpawu ezivezwe ngumthengi. Ingqiqo, iimvakalelo kunye nemibono ehambelana neempawu kufuneka kuphawulwe. Naluphina uvavanyo lokuhlola okanye ukuhlola uvavanyo olusetyenziswayo kufuneka luchazwe ngokubanzi kunye nawo onke amanqaku achazwe.
3. I-Diagnosis yakho
Ukubonelela nge-diagnostic kwaye unikeze ikhowudi ye- Diagnostic ne-Statistical Manual . Cacisa indlela oye wafikelela ngayo ukuxilongwa kwakho, ukuba iimpawu zabaxhasi zifanelana nendlela yokuxilonga ngayo izifo, okanye nayiphi na ingxaki enokufikelela kwisifo.
Icandelo 2: Ukungenelela
Icandelo lesibini lephepha lakho liya kugxininisa ukungenelelo esetyenziselwa ukunceda umxhasi. Umqeqeshi wakho unokufuna ukuba ukhethe kwindlela ethile yokufunda okanye ucele ukuba ushwankathele iindlela ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zokwenza unyango.
Ezinye zeendlela ezinokuthi unyango oza kulukhetha ukuba zihlolwe ziquka:
1. Indlela yePsychoanalytic
Chaza indlela umphathiswa we-psychoanalytic uza kujonga ngayo ingxaki yomxhasi. Ukubonelela ngemvelaphi ethile kwindlela ye- psychoanalytic kwaye uchaze izikhokelo ezifanelekileyo. Chaza indlela unyango lwe-psychoanalytic oluya kusetyenziswa ngayo ukuphatha umxhasi, indlela umthengi azakuphendula ngayo kunyango, kunye nokusebenza kwendlela yokwenza unyango.
2. Indlela yokuCinga-indlela yokuziphatha
Cacisa indlela umculi onokwazi ukuziphatha ngayo eya kufikelela kunyango. Ukunikezela ngemvelaphi yolwazi kwi- cognitive-behavioral therapy kwaye uchaze iiseshoni zonyango, impendulo yabathengi, kunye nesiphumo salolu hlobo lonyango. Yenza ingqalelo nayiphi na ubunzima okanye impumelelo ehlangene nomthengi wakho ngexesha lotyando.
3. Indlela yeHumanism
Chaza indlela yokusebenzisa abantu engasetyenziswa ekuphatheni umxhasi wakho, njengonyango olujoliswe ngabaxhasi . Ukubonelela ngolwazi lwenu lonyango olukhethile, impendulo yabathengi kunyango, kunye nesiphumo sokugqibela sale ndlela. Chaza ukuba kutheni unyango luphumelele okanye aluphumelelanga.
Iingcebiso:
- Musa ukubhekisela kwinqaku le-case study "njengomthengi." Endaweni yoko, sebenzisa igama lakhe okanye i-pseudonym.
- Khumbula ukusebenzisa ifomathi ye-APA xa ukhankanya iingxelo .
- Funda imizekelo yezifundo zecandelo ukufumana kunye neengcamango malunga nesitayela kunye nesakhiwo.
ILizwi
Uphononongo lwezifundo lunokuba luncedo oluphandwayo kodwa lufanele lusetshenziswe ngokuhlakanipha. Kwiimeko ezininzi, zisetyenziswe kakuhle kwiimeko apho ukuqhuba uvavanyo kunokuba nzima okanye akunakwenzeka. Banganceda ukujonga kwiimeko ezizodwa kwaye bavumele abaphandi ukuba baqokelele ulwazi oluninzi malunga nomntu othile okanye iqela labantu.
Ukuba uhanjiswe ukuba ubhale isifundo seemeko kwikhosi yeengqondo, qiniseka ukuba uhlolisise nomqeqeshi wakho nayiphina imigaqo efunekayo ukuba ulandele.
> Imithombo:
> Gagnon, YC. Isifundo seSifundo njengendlela yoPhando: I-Handbook Handbook. Quebec: PUQ; 2010.
> Yin, RK. Uphando lweSifundo soPhando: Uyilo kunye neendlela . Sage Publications; 2013.