I-Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
Ngokutsho kwe-Sigmund Freud ye-psychoanalytic theory yobuntu, i-id yinkalo yobuntu eyenziwe ngengqondo engenazixhobo zengqondo eyenza ukwanelisa izibongozo ezisisiseko, iimfuno kunye neminqweno. I-id isebenza ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wokuzonwabisa, ofuna ukuthotyelwa kweemfuno ngokukhawuleza. I-id enye yezinto ezintathu eziyinxalenye yobuntu obuswe nguFrud, id, ego, kunye ne-superego .
Ukuqonda imbonakalo ye-Freud's psychodynamic kubalulekile ekufundeni ngembali yezengqondo. Uza kudla ngokubona iingxelo kwi-id, ego, kunye ne-superego kwiinkcubeko ezifihliweyo kunye nefilosofi.
Xa i-Id ivela?
UFrud wayefanisa ubuntu nobungqingili. Isiphakamiso se-iceberg ngaphezu kwamanzi simele siqonde. Ubuninzi be-iceberg engaphantsi kwamanzi bubonakalisa ingqondo engenazo ndawo apho yonke iminqweno efihlakeleyo, iingcamango kunye neememori zikhona. Kukho apho id ehlala khona.
I-id iyona nto yodwa yobuntu obukhoyo ekuzalweni, ngoFreud. Kwakhona waphakamisa ukuba le nxalenye yokuqala yobuntu yayikho ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle kokungazi . I-id isebenza njengobungqina buntu. Akukuphela nje ukuzama ukuzalisekisa izibongozo zethu ezisisiseko, ezininzi zazo ezibophelelwe ngqo kwi-survival, kwakhona kunika wonke amandla afunekayo ukuqhuba ubuntu.
Ngethuba lokusana, ngaphambi kokuba ezinye izakhi zobuntu ziqale ukwenza, abantwana balawulwa ngokupheleleyo yi-id. Izidingo ezisisiseko zokutya, ukusela kunye nokuthuthuzelwa kukuba kubaluleke kakhulu. Njengoko sikhula, kuyacaca ukuba kunzima ukuba senze ukwanelisa iimfuno ze-id nanini naxa sinesiva, sidinga okanye sinqwenela.
Ngethamsanqa, ezinye iinxalenye zobuntu zikhula njengoko sibudala, zisinika ukulawula iimfuno ze-id kwaye siziphathe ngendlela ezamkelekileyo kuluntu.
Indlela i-Id isebenza ngayo
I-id iyenza ngokuhambelana nomgaqo wokuzonwabisa , nto leyo imfuno ekufuneka idibene nayo ngokukhawuleza. Xa ulambile, umgaqo wokuzonwabisa ujolisa ukuba udle. Xa unxaniwe, kukukhuthaza ukuba uphuze. Kodwa ke, asikwazi ukuhlala sinelisekile izibongozo zethu ngokukhawuleza. Ngamanye amaxesha kufuneka silinde kuze kube ngumzuzu ofanelekileyo okanye de sibe nokufikelela kwizinto eziza kuzalisekisa iimfuno zethu.
Xa singenako ukwanelisa isidingo ngokukhawuleza, iziphumo zengxabano. I-id ixhomekeke kwinkqubo ephambili yokuphucula ukuxhatshazwa okwesikhashana. Inkqubo ephambili ibandakanya ukudala umfanekiso wengqondo ngokusasaza, ukucinga, ukucoca, okanye enye inqubo. Umzekelo, xa unxaniwe, unokuqala ukucinga ngento ephakamileyo yamanzi e-ice.
Imiba kunye neengcaphuno malunga ne-Id
Ngomnyaka we-1933 wencwadi ethi "Iintetho eziNtsha zokuQala kwi-Psychoanalysis," uFrud wachaza i-id njengento "ebumnyama, engenakufikeleleka kubuntu bethu." Inye yendlela yokwenene yokugcina i-id, wacetyiswa ukuba, kwakufuneka ukuba afunde umxholo wamaphupha kunye neenkcukacha zokuziphatha ezingathandekiyo.
Imvakalelo kaFreud ye-id yayiyindawo yamandla angokwemvelo eqhutywa ngumgaqo wokuzonwabisa osebenza ekuzalisekeni iimfuno zethu ezisisiseko. UFrud wada wawufanisa "nekhontrakthi yezinto ezithandekayo" kwaye uchaza id njengokuba engenakho nhlangano.
"Kukuphi na into, kuya kuba khona."
(Sigmund Freud, ngo-1933, "Imfundiso entsha yeNkulumkiso kwi-Psychoanalysis")
Ngoko u-id kunye no-ego bahlanganyela njani? UFrud uthelekisa ubudlelwane babo kunye nehashe kunye nomkhwele. Ihashe linikeza amandla awenza ukuba baqhube phambili, kodwa ngumkhwele wokukhokela ezi ntshukumo ezinamandla ukufumana izikhokelo.
Nangona kunjalo, ngamanye amaxesha umgibeli angakwazi ukulahlekelwa ukulawula kwaye azifumene nje ngokuhamba. Ngamanye amagama, ngamanye amaxesha i-ego inokufuneka iqondise i-id kwindlela efuna ukuyifumana.
"Abantu bahlala kunye ne-ID yabo ebonakalayo. Akulungile ukufihla oko kwenzeka ngaphakathi.
(UFilipu uSymour Hoffman) "
Izimvo zikaFranud zobuntu zihlala ziphikisana, kodwa ulwazi oluyisiseko kubo lubalulekile xa bexoxa ngengqondo ye-psychoanalysis kunye nokusebenza kwengqondo.
> Imithombo:
> I-Carducci, B. I-Psychology of Personality: Iimbono, uPhando, kunye nezicelo . John Wiley & Son; 2009.
> Engler, B. Iingcamango zobuntu . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing; 2009.