5 Izinto ezibalulekileyo zobuntu
Abaninzi beengqondo zeengqondo zikholelwa ukuba kukho ubungqina obuncinane bokubaluleka kobuntu, okubizwa ngokuba yi "Big 5". Iinkalo ezinhlanu zobuntu obanzi ezichazwe yinkcazo yinto yokukhupha, ukuvumelanisa, ukuvuleka, ukunyaniseka, kunye neuroticism.
Iingcamango zengqondo zobuntu ziye zazama ukucoca ngokucacileyo ukuba ziphi izici zobuntu.
Iingcamango zangaphambili ziphakanyise inani elithile leempawu ezinokwenzeka, kubandakanya uluhlu lukaGordon Allport lwezinto ezi-4 000 zobuntu, izinto zobuntu bukaRaymond Cattell kunye ne-Hans Eysenck yezinto ezintathu.
Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi abaninzi babecinga ukuba imfundiso kaCattell yayinzima kwaye uEysenck yayingenamkhawulo. Ngenxa yoko, i-theory-factor factor evelele ukuchaza iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ezikhonza njengeebhloko zokwakha zobuntu.
Ziziphi iindawo eziMakhulu ezininzi zobuntu?
Namhlanje, abaphandi abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba zizinto ezinhlanu zobuntu. Ubu bungqina beli qhinga likhule iminyaka emininzi, kuqale ngophando lwe-DW Fiske (1949) kwaye kamva lwandiswa ngabanye uphando abaquka uNorman (1967), Smith (1967), iGoldberg (1981), noMcCrae & Costa (1987). ).
"Ezinkulu ezintlanu" ziinkalo ezibanzi zobuntu. Nangona kukho iqela elibalulekileyo leencwadi ezixhasa le ndlela yokuziphatha yobunjani bobuhlanu, abaphandi abavumelani ngaso rhoqo kwiibhile ezicacileyo nganye.
Unokufumana kukunceda ukusebenzisa i-OCEAN ngesivakalisi (ukuvuleka, ukunyaniseka, ukukhupha, ukuvumelanisa, kunye neuroticism) xa uzama ukukhumbula iimpawu ezinhlanu.
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba nganye yezinto ezinhlanu zobuntu ibonisa ububanzi phakathi kokugqithisa ezimbini. Ngokomzekelo, i-extraversion imele ukuqhubeka phakathi kokugqithisa okugqithiseleyo kunye nokungeniswa okukhulu.
Ehlabathini lenene, abaninzi abantu balala phakathi kwimiba emibini ye-polar nganye.
Ezi ntlobo zintlanu zivame ukuchazwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.
Ukuvuleka
Lo mpawu ubonakalisa iimpawu ezinjengeengcamango nokuqonda, kwaye abo baphakamileyo kule mpawu banamathenda ahlukeneyo. Abantu abaphakamileyo kule mpawu bavame ukuba banomdla kunye nokudala . Abantu abaphantsi kwesi siqhelo bahlala bebaninzi bemveli kwaye banokubambisana nokucinga okungabonakaliyo.
Abantu abaphakamileyo kwi-openum eqhubekayo ngokuqhelekileyo:
- Ukudala kakhulu
- Vula ukuzama izinto ezintsha
- Ugxile ekujonganeni nemingeni emitsha
- Uyavuya ukucinga ngeengcamango ezingabonakaliyo
Abo baphantsi kwesi simo:
- Musa ukutshintsha
- Musa ukuzonwabisa ngezinto ezintsha
- Melana neengcamango ezintsha
- Akunakucinga kakhulu
- Andikuthandi izinto ezingabonakaliyo okanye iingcamango zemfundiso
Unembeza
Iinkalo eziqhelekileyo zolu hlobo zibandakanya amanqanaba aphezulu okucinga, ngokulawulwa kakuhle nokunyanzeliswa kweziphumo. Ukunyamekela ngokunyanisekileyo kubakho ukulungelelaniswa nokukhumbula iinkcukacha.
Abo baphakamileyo kwi-consumption continuum nabo bathambekele ekubeni:
- Sebenzisa ixesha lokulungiselela
- Ukugqiba imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ngokukhawuleza
- Ukuqwalasela iinkcukacha
- Jabulela ukuba neshedyuli ehleliweyo
Abantu abaphantsi kwesi sihlandlo bavame ukuba:
- Ukungafani nokucwangciswa kunye neishedyuli
- Yenza i-messes kwaye ungayinyamekeli izinto
- Ukungaphumeleli ukubuyisela izinto okanye ukuzibuyisela apho zikhona
- Ukuqhelanisa imisebenzi ebalulekileyo
- Ukuhluleka ukuqedela izinto abafanele bayenze
U kukhutshwa
Ukugqithiswa kubonakaliswe ngokuzibhokoxa, inzululwazi, ukuthetha, ukuxhaswa, kunye nemali ephakamileyo yokuvezwa kwemvakalelo. Abantu abaphakamileyo kwi-extraversion baphuma kwaye bathambekele ekufumaneni amandla kwiimeko zoluntu. Abantu abaphantsi kwe-extraversion (okanye i-introverted) bathambekele ekubeni baninzi kwaye bafanele batye amandla kwizithuba zentlalo.
Abantu abaphakamisa phezulu kwi-extraversion bavame ukuba:
- Jabulela ukuba yiziko lokuqwalasela
- Ufana nokuqala iingxoxo
- Jabulela ukuhlangana nabantu abatsha
- Unobumba obanzi lwabahlobo kunye nabaqhelana nabo
- Khangela kulula ukwenza abahlobo abatsha
- Uziva unamandla xa bejikeleze nabanye abantu
- Yithetha izinto ngaphambi kokuba bacinge ngabo
Abantu abahlawula phantsi kwi-extraversion bavame ukuba:
- Khetha ukodwa
- Ndiziva ndikhathele xa kufuneka bathathe inxaxheba
- Fumana nzima ukuqala iingxoxo
- Andiyithandi ukwenza intetho encinci
- Cinga kakuhle izinto ngaphambi kokuba bathethe
- Andiyithandi ukuba yiziko lokuqwalasela
Ukungqinelana
Ubungakanani buntu bubandakanya iimpawu ezinjengokuthembela, ukunyaniseka , ububele, uthando, kunye nezinye izinto zokuziphatha . Abantu abaphakamileyo ngokuvumelana nabo bathambekele ekubambisaneni, ngelixa abo baphantsi kule mpawu bavame ukukhuphisana ngakumbi kwaye baxhathise.
Abantu abaphakamileyo kwisimo sokuvumelanisa bathambekele eku:
- Unomdla omkhulu kwabanye abantu
- Ukukhathalela ngabanye
- Yiva novelwano kunye nokukhathalela abanye abantu
- Jabulela ukunceda kunye negalelo kulonwabo lwabanye abantu
Abo baphantsi kule mpawu bavame ukuba:
- Ungakhathaleli abanye
- Musa ukukhathalela indlela abanye abantu abavakalelwa ngayo
- Ungenomdla kwezinye iingxaki zabantu
- Ukugxeka nokunyanzela abanye
Neuroticism
I-neuroticism iyimpawu ebonakalisa ukudakumba, ukunyameka, kunye nokungazinzi. Abantu abaphakamileyo kule mpawu bavame ukuvalelwa kwemizwa, ukuxhalaba, ukuthukuthela nokudabuka. Abo baphantsi kule mpawu bahlala bezinzile kwaye banokwenene .
Abantu abaphakamileyo kwi-neuroticism bavame ukuba:
- Ukufumana uxinzelelo oluninzi
- Ukukhathazeka ngezinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo
- Vuka lula
- Ukufumana ukutshintsha okukhulu kwiimvakalelo
- Ndiziva ndixhalabile
Abo baphantsi kule mpawu ngokuqhelekileyo:
- Ukuzinza emoyeni
- Ukuphatha kakuhle uxinzelelo
- Ngokuqhelekileyo uzive uhlungu okanye udandathekile
- Ungakhathazeki kakhulu
- Ekhululekile kakhulu
Ngaba Ziyimpawu Ezinhlanu Ezinkulu Zonke?
UMcCrae kunye nabalingane bakhe baye bafumanisa ukuba iimpawu ezinhlanu zibalaseleyo ngokubanzi. Olunye uphando olwalubheke abantu abavela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezingaphezu kwama-50 lubonile ukuba ubukhulu beendlela ezinhlanu zingasetyenziswa ngokuchanekileyo ukuchaza ubuntu.
Ngokusekelwe kuloluphando, abaninzi abanokholo kwengqondo ngoku bakholelwa ukuba ubunzima bobunzima bobuhlanu abukho nje kuphela; nabo bavela kwimvelo. Isazi sengqondo sikaDavid Buss sichaze ukuba inkcazo yezinto ezi zintlanu zezinto ezibonakalayo, zibonisa ukuba ezi zimpawu zibonakalisa iimpawu ezibalulekileyo ezibangela indawo yethu yentlalo.
Ziziphi Izinto Ezichaphazela Impawu Ezinhlanu Ezinkulu?
Uphando lucebisa ukuba zombini iimpembelelo zezinto eziphilayo nezendalo zidlala indima ekwakheni ubuntu bethu. Izifundo ze-Twin zibonisa ukuba bobabini imvelo kunye nokukhula kudlala indima ekuphuhlisweni kwezinto ezimbini zobuntu.
Uphando olunye lwezityalo kunye neendawo ezingqongileyo zeempawu ezihlanu zikhangele iimbini ezili-123 zamabini afanayo kunye nama-127 amabini amawele angamaqabane. Iziphumo zaphakanyiswa ukuba ukulungelelaniswa kwimiba nganye kwakungama-53 ekhulwini okwe-extraversion, iipesenti ezingama-41 zokuvumelana, iipesenti ezingama-44 zengqondo, iipesenti ezingama-41 zonyango, kunye no-61 ukuvuleka.
Iingxowa ze-longitudinal zibonisa ukuba ezi zinto ezinhlanu zibonakalisa ukuba zizinzile ngaphezu kobudala. Uphando oluthile lwabantu abadala abakhulileyo befumanisa ukuba ubuntu bube buzinzile ngaphezu kweminyaka emine kwaye bubonakalise utshintsho oluncinane ngenxa yeziganeko ezimbi zobomi.
Izifundo zibonise ukuba ukuvuthwa kweemveliso kunokuba nefuthe kwiimpawu ezintlanu. Njengabantu abaneminyaka yobudala, bathambekele ekubeni bancitshiswe ngaphantsi, bangaphantsi kwe-neurotic, kwaye bavulekile ukuba bafumane amava. Ngokwesinye icala, ukuvumelanisa nokunyaniseka, kunokunyuka xa abantu bekhula.
ILizwi
Hlalani nikhumbula ukuba ukuziphatha kubandakanya ukusebenzisana phakathi komntu ongezantsi kunye nezimo ezikhoyo. Imeko umntu azifumanisa ngayo okanye indima ekubambeni indima enkulu kwindlela umntu angene ngayo. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezininzi, abantu banikela iimpendulo ezihambelanayo neempawu zabo zobuntu.
Ezi zilinganiso zimela indawo ebanzi yobuntu. Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba ezi nkalo zeempawu zihlala zihlangene kunye nabantu abaninzi. Ngokomzekelo, abantu abahlala benentlalontle badla ukuthetha. Nangona kunjalo, ezi zinto azihlali zihlala kunye. Ubuntu bunzima kwaye buninzi kwaye umntu ngamnye unokubonakalisa ukuziphatha kwiinkalo ezininzi zezi zilinganiso.
> Imithombo
> Cobb-Clark, iDaily & Schurer, S. Ukuzinza kweempawu zobuntu obukhulu. IiNcwadi zoQoqosho. 2012; 115 (2): 11-15.
> Lang, KL, Livesley, WJ, & Vemon, PA. Ukulungelelaniswa kwezinto ezinkulu ezinhlanu zobuntu kunye nezicwangciso zabo: Ukufunda okubili. Umbhalo woBuntu. 1996; 64 (3): 577-591.
> Marsh, HW, Nagengast, B, & Morin, AJS. Ukungahambi kwemilinganiselo yezinto ezikhulu ezinhlanu ngaphezu kokuphila: iimvavanyo ze-ESEM zesini, ubudala, iplastiki, ukukhula, kunye ne-dolce vita. UPhuhliso lweeNzululwazi . 2013; 49 (6): 1194-1218.
> McCrae, RR, Terracciano, A., kunye neLungu leProjekthi yeProjekthi yeZiko leMveli. Iimpawu zobuntu zobuntu ezivela kumbono wombukeli: Iinkcukacha ezivela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezingama-50. Umbhalo woBuntu kunye neNzululwazi yeNtlalo. 2005; 88: 547-561.