Indlela Iingcamango Zisetyenziselwa ngayo kwiNgqondo
Ithiyori yexesha isetyenziswe ngamaxesha amaninzi kwiilwimi zansuku zonke. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswe ekubhekiseni ukuqagela, ukuzingela okanye ukuxhasa. Unokuva abantu belahla ulwazi oluthile kuba "yinto nje kuphela." Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele njengoko ufunda uphando lweengqondo kunye nezinye izihloko zenzululwazi, ukuba inzululwazi yezesayensi ayifani nokusetyenziswa kokusetyenziswa kwekota.
Yintoni Ngokwenene Ingcamango?
Iingcamango zisekelwe kwisingcamango kwaye zixhaswa ngobungqina. Inzululwazi, ingcamango ayikho nje into yokuqiqa. Inkcazo yesikhokelo esisekelwe kwisiseko sokuchaza into.
Iingcamango zinika ingcamango okanye ingcamango ehlolwayo. Iingcali zenzululwazi ziyakwazi ukuvavanya le ngqungquthela ngophando oluthile kunye nokuqokelela ubungqina obuxhasa okanye obuphikisa.
I-Scientific American ibhale "inkolelo" njengenye yeendlela zabo ezisixhenxe ezingasetyenziswa kakubi ngezesayensi. Yaye le ngcamango engalunganga malunga nemigqaliselo ebonisa ukuba abantu bachithe izihloko ezifana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kunye nokuguquka kwemozulu "njengeengcamango nje," naphezu kobuninzi obunobungqina benzululwazi.
Kwinqanaba lomyinge, igama elithi theory lithetha into yokuqiqa. Inokuba yinyani, okanye mhlawumbi ayiyi kuba. Kodwa igama linentsingiselo ehlukileyo kakhulu kummandla wesayensi xa abaphandi bekhuluma ngophando olusesikweni olubuyiselwa ubungqina besayensi.
Nangona ukuthetha kwimihla ngemihla kubonisa ukuba inkolelo yinto nje yokuzingela, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba igama linentsingiselo eyahlukileyo kakhulu kwisayensi. Inzululwazi yenzululwazi ichaza ingcaciso ethile malunga nokuziphatha komntu okanye umhlaba wendalo oxhaswa ngokuvavanywa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokulinga.
Oku kuthetha ukuba izazinzulu ziye zaphinda ziphinda zihlolisise kwaye ziphinda ziphindwe ngezi ziphumo. Baqokelele ubungqina obuxhasa i-theory. Abaphandi abahlukahlukeneyo baye baqokelela ubungqina obuxhasa i-theory.
Injongo ye-Psychology Theory
Kwiengqondo, iingcamango zisetyenziselwa ukubonelela imodeli yokuqonda iingcamango zabantu, iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha.
Ingcamango yengqondo inezinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo:
- Kufuneka uchaze indlela yokuziphatha
- Kufuneka uqikelele ngokuziphatha ngokuzayo
Kuyo yonke imbali yengqondo , kukho inani leengcamango ezicetywayo ukuchaza nokucacisa iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha kwabantu. Ezinye zezi ngcamango ziye zama ukuvavanywa kwexesha kwaye zihlala zivunywe kakuhle namhlanje. Abanye abazange baphakamise ukuhlolisiswa kwezenzululwazi kwaye basenokuthi banqatshelwe ngokupheleleyo okanye bavunywe ngokukodwa ngabaphandi namhlanje.
Iingcamango ngasinye ziye zanceda ukufaka isandla kwisiseko sethu solwazi lomntu kunye nokuziphatha kwakhe. Ezinye iingcamango ezinjengeenkcukacha zeklasi ziyakwamkelwa namhlanje. Abanye, njengemibono kaFrud, abazange baxhomekeke kakuhle kwaye baye bathatyathwa ngokutsha ngamacangci amasha anokuchaza ukuphuhliswa komntu.
Amandla onke enzululwazi yenzululwazi kwikhono layo lokuchaza izinto ezihlukeneyo.
Yintoni eyenza inkolelo ehluke kakhulu ukuqiqa okanye ukuzingela kukuba i-theory iyahlolwa. Njengoko ubungqina obutsha kunye nophando luyongezwa, ingcamango ingahlaziywa, iguqulwe, okanye iyanqatshwa ukuba ingahambelani nokufunyaniswa kwezesayensi zakutshanje.
Iintlobo zeengcali zeengqondo
Kukho ezininzi iingcamango zengqondo, kodwa ezininzi zinokuhlulwa njengoluhlu lwezinto ezine eziphambili:
1. Iingcamango zophuhliso
Iingcamango zophuhliso zibonelela ngemigaqo yemigaqo kunye nemiqondo echaza nokucacisa uphuhliso lwabantu. Ezinye iingcamango zophuhliso zijolise ekubunjweni komgangatho othile, ezifana nenkolelo kaKohlberg yokuphuhliswa kokuziphatha .
Ezinye iingcamango zophuhliso zijolise ekukhuleni okwenzeka kuyo yonke imihla, njengengcamango ka- Erikson yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo .
2. Iingcamango ezinkulu
Iingcamango ezinjengezo ngcamango ezinzulu zivame ukucetyiswa ngabalingisi abaziintloko njengoSigmund Freud , uErik Erikson noJean Piaget .
Iingcamango eziphambili zophuhliso zibandakanya i- psychology , i- theory kunye nengcamango yokuqonda . Ezi ngcamango zifuna ukucacisa ezininzi iindlela zokuziphatha komntu kodwa zihlala zijongwa njengengekadluli kwaye zingaphelelanga ekujongeni uphando lwangoku. Iingcali zengqondo kunye nabaphandi bavame ukusebenzisa iingcamango ezinzulu njengesiseko sokuhlola, kodwa jonga iingcamango ezincinci kunye nophando lwangoku nje.
3. Iingcamango zemizuzu
Iingcamango ezincinane zichaza into encinci, into ethile yophuhliso. Inkcazo ye-mini ingachaza ukuziphatha okuncinci, njengendlela ukuzithemba ngayo okanye ukuhlalisana kwabantwana.
Ezi ngcamango zivame ukugxila kwiingcamango ezisungulwe ngongcamango ephezulu, kodwa abafuni ukuchaza nokuchaza konke ukuziphatha kwabantu nokukhula.
4. IiNtsholongwane eziMandla
Iingcamango ezigqithiseleyo zizo zidalwe ngokutsha kwaye zivame ukubunjwa ngokudibanisa ngokufanelekileyo iindlela ezahlukeneyo zeengcamango. Ezi ngcamango zidla ngokukhawuleza zophando kunye neengcamango ezivela kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo kodwa azikabi kakhulu okanye zifikelela kwiindawo ezinzulu njengeengcamango ezinkulu.
Inkolelo yenkcubeko yenkcubeko ephakanyiswa nguooMfundisi uVev Vygotsky ngumzekelo omhle weengcamango eziphuthumayo zophuhliso.
Iingcamango ezahlukeneyo zeengqondo
Ezinye zeengcamango eziziwayo ngokugqithiseleyo zengqondo zigxininisa kwamasebe athile ngaphakathi kwengqondo . Ezi ziquka:
Iingcamango zokuziphatha
Ingqondo yesimo sengqondo, eyaziwayo nangokuziphatha, yimbono yokufunda esekelwe kwingcamango yokuba zonke iziphathamandla zithengwa ngemeko. Ukuxhaswa ngabaphathi bezengqondo ezidumile ezifana noJohn B. Watson kunye noBF Skinner , iingcamango zokuziphatha zilawulwa yintlalo yengqondo ngexesha lesantya sokuqala lekhulu lama-20. Namhlanje, izakhono zokuziphatha zisasetyenziswa kakhulu kwizicwangciso zokwelapha ukunceda abathengi bafunde izakhono ezintsha kunye nokuziphatha.
Iingcamango Zengqondo
Iingcamango ezinokwenzululwazi zengqondo zijoliswe kumazwe angaphakathi, ezifana nokukhuthaza , ukulungisa iingxaki, ukwenza isigqibo , ukucinga kunye nokuqwalasela .
Iingcamango zophuhliso
Iingcamango zophuhliso zibonelela ngesakhelo sokucinga ngokukhula kwabantu, ukuphuhliswa nokufunda. Ukuba uye wakha wazibuza ukuba yintoni ekhuthaza ingcamango yabantu nokuziphatha, ukuqonda ezi ngcamango kunokunika ingqiqo ebalulekileyo kubantu kunye noluntu.
Iingcamango Zamazwe
Iingcamango zengqondo ze-Humanistic zaqala ukukhula ekuthandeni ngexesha lama-1950. Nangona iimbono zangaphambili zihlala zijolise ekuziphatheni okungavamile kunye neengxaki zengqondo, iingcamango zoluntu kunoko zigxininise ukulunga okusemgangathweni kwabantu. Ezinye zezona zibalulekileyo ze-humanist theorists ziquka uCarl Rogers noAbraham Maslow .
Iingcamango zobuntu
Ubuntu beengqondo bujonga iipatheni zeengcamango, iimvakalelo, kunye nokuziphatha okwenza umntu abe yedwa. Ezinye zeenkcazo ezaziwa kakhulu kwi-psychology zinikezelwe kwisifundo sobuntu kubandakanywa imfundiso yobuntu , "imfundiso enkulu" yobuntu , kunye nenkolelo ka-Erikson yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo .
Iingcali zezeNtlalo zengqondo
Ingqondo yengqondo ijolise ekuncedeni ukuqonda nokuchazela ukuziphatha kwentlalo. Iingcamango zentlalo ngokubanzi zijoliswe kwizinto eziphathekayo zentlalo, kubandakanywa ukuziphatha kweqela, ukuziphatha okuqhubekayo , ukuthintela kwintlalo, uthando kunye nokunye okuninzi.
Izizathu zokufunda Iingcamango zePhysics
Kwiikhosi zakho zengqondo , unokufumanisa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuba ufunde ngeengcamango ezahlukeneyo zengqondo, ingakumbi ezo zicingelwa ukuba zichanekanga okanye ziphelelwe yisikhathi.
Nangona kunjalo, zonke ezi ngcamango zinika ulwazi olubalulekileyo malunga nembali yeengqondo, ukuqhubela phambili kwengcamango ethile kwisihloko kunye nokuqonda okujulileyo kweengcamango zangoku.
Ngokuqonda indlela ukucinga kuqhubekile ngayo, unokufumana ingcamango engcono kungekhona nje kuphela apho i-psychology yenziwe khona, kodwa apho ingaba khona kwixesha elizayo.
ILizwi
Ukufunda ezinye iimbululwazi zenzululwazi kunika imvelaphi kwindlela abaphandi abayayiqonda ngayo indlela umhlaba wezendalo usebenza ngayo. Imfundo engqongileyo yenzululwazi inokukunceda wenze ingqiqo engakumbi yintoni abaphandi abayithethayo xa bethetha ngophando lwezesayensi kunye nokuphucula ukuqonda kwakho ngendlela ukuchazwa kwenzululwazi yokuziphatha kunye nezinye izinto ezibonakalayo kwindalo yemvelo zenziwe, ziphandwa kwaye zamukelwe luluntu .
Nangona iingxoxo ziqhubeka zithukuthela ngaphezu kwezihloko ezishisayo ezifana nokuguquka kwesimo sezulu kunye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuyafaneleka ukufundisisa isayensi kunye neengcamango eziye zavela kuloo uphando, nangona oko kudlalwa ngokubonakalayo kunokuza kuba yinyaniso enzima okanye engathandekiyo.
Njengoko uCarl Sagan wachaza, "Kungcono kakhulu ukuqonda yonke indalo kunokunyamekela ekukhohliseni, kodwa ukwaneliseka nokuqinisekisayo."
Ininzi yale nto esiyayazi malunga nombono nomoya womntu uye wabonga ngenxa yeengcamango ezahlukeneyo zengqondo. Ngokomzekelo, iingcamango zokuziphatha zibonise indlela imeko engasetyenziswa ngayo ukufunda ulwazi olutsha kunye nokuziphatha.
Ezinye iimbono ziye zahluleka, ngelixa ezinye zihlala zamukelwa ngokubanzi, kodwa zonke ziye zanceda kakhulu ekuqondeni kwengcinga kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu. Ngokufunda oku ngakumbi malunga nale mibono, unokufumana ukuqonda okujulileyo kunye nokucebisayo kwexesha elidlulileyo, elikhoyo kunye nekamva.
> Imithombo:
> McComas, WF. ULwimi lwezeNzululwazi. I-Springer yeSayensi kunye neMedia Media; 2013.
> Sagan, C. Ihlabathi leDemon-Haunted World: Inzululwazi njengeKhandlela ebumnyameni. ENew York: Indlu engaqhelekanga; 2011.