Isikhokelo seNyathelo-ngeNyathelo kwiNkqubo yokuBambisana ngokuKhe
Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zezifundo zihlobo lokufunda oluchaphazela kakhulu kwisikolo sengcamango kwingqondo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-behaviorism. Ifunyenwe ngumfuphi wezilwanyana waseRashiya u- Ivan Pavlov , imeko yokufundela ngeklasi yinkqubo yokufunda eyenzekayo ngokubambisana phakathi kokusungulwa kokusingqongileyo kunye nefuthe eliqhelekileyo elenzekayo.
IziQinisekiso zokuQala
Nangona imeko yeklasi yayingazange ifumaneke ngumbhali weengqondo, yayinempembelelo enkulu kwisikolo sokucinga kwingqondo eyaziwa ngokuba yi- behaviorism .
Ukuziphatha kuya kusekelwe kwingcinga yokuba:
- Yonke into eyenziwa yenziwa ngokusebenzisana nendalo
- Ubume bemeko yokuziphatha
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba imeko yeklasi ifaka ukubeka uphawu olungathathi hlangothi ngaphambi kokuba i-reflex ivele yendalo. KwiPavlov yokufunda ngeeklasi, uphawu olungathathi hlangothi lwaluyizwi lentetho kunye ne-reflex eyenzekayo ngokwemvelo yayinomdla ekuphenduleni ukutya. Ngokudibanisa ukungathathi hlangothi kwimeko yokusingqongileyo (ukuboniswa kokutya), isandi sethoni yodwa singenza ukuphendulwa kwe-salivation.
Ukuze uqonde ukuba zinjani malunga nokusebenza kwimeko yeklasi, kubalulekile ukuba uqhelane nemigaqo-siseko yenkqubo.
Ukusebenza KwamaClassical Work?
Iimeko eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya ukwenza umbutho phakathi kwezinto ezimbini ezibangelwa ukuphendula. Kukho izigaba ezintathu eziphambili kule nkqubo:
Isigaba 1: Ngaphambi koMgangatho
Inxalenye yokuqala yenkqubo yokumisa imeko yeklasi idinga ukuvuselelwa ngokwemvelo okuza kuphendula ngokuzenzekelayo impendulo. Ukuxhamla ekuphenduleni ukuvumba kokutya ngumzekelo omhle wokuvuselela ngokwemvelo.
Ngethuba lesi sigaba seenkqubo, i-stimulus engaxhaswanga (UCS) ibangela impendulo engavumelekanga (UCR).
Umzekelo, ukunikezela ukutya (i-UCS) ngokwemvelo kwaye ngokuzenzekelayo kubangela impendulo ye-salivation (i-UCR).
Kule ngongoma, kukho i-stimulus engathathi hlangothi ayivelisi nto-kodwa. Kuze kube yilapho le ntuthuko yokungathathi hlangothi idibene ne-UCS yokuba iya kuza ukuphendula impendulo.
Masiqwalasele ngokuthe kratya kwiinkalo ezibini eziphambili zeli nqanaba lemiqathango yokumisela.
I- stimulus engavumelekanga yinto engavumelekanga, ngokwemvelo, kwaye ivele iphendule ngokuzenzekelayo impendulo. Umzekelo, xa uphefumle enye yokutya oyintandokazi, unokuziva ulambile ngokukhawuleza. Kulo mzekelo, ukuvumba kokutya kukuvuselelwa okungafunekiyo.
Impendulo engavumelekanga yempendulo engafumanekanga eyenzeka ngokwemvelo ekuphenduleni ukuvuselelwa okungafunekiyo. Ngokomzekelo wethu, ukuziva indlala ekuphenduleni ukuvumba kokutya kuyimpendulo engenakunqunyulwa.
IsiGaba sesi-2: Ngethuba lokuBamba
Ngexesha lesibini kwisigaba senkqubo yokumisa inkqubo yeklasi, i-stimulus yangaphambili ayibandakanyeki ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye ne-stimulus engavumelekanga. Njengomphumo wale mbambano, umbutho phakathi kwe-stimulus yangaphambili ne-UCS yenziwe. Kule ngongoma, ukuvuselelwa kokungathathi hlangothi kuye kwaziwa ngokuba yi-stimulated (CS).
Isihloko ngoku senziwe siphendululwe ukuphendula kulo mdlalo.
Ukuvuselela okusemgangathweni kuqhutywe phambili kokungathathi hlangothi, emva kokuba kuhlanganiswe nefuthe elingenakunqunyulwa, ekugqibeleni kuza kubakho impendulo enemeko. Kwimzekelo yethu yangaphambili, cinga ukuba xa uva ukutya okuthandayo, wakuva nokuvakala kwengxolo. Ngelixa ikhwelo ayinxulumene nokuvumba kokutya, ukuba isandi sekhongo sasibhanjiswe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngevumba, isandi ekugqibeleni siza kusenza impendulo ehambelanayo. Kule meko, isandi somrhumo luyisimo esifanelekileyo.
Isigaba 3: Emva kokumisa
Emva kokuba intlangano yenziwe phakathi kwe-UCS kunye ne-CS, ukubonakalisa i-stimulated exclusion kuphela iya kuphakamisa impendulo nangaphandle kokuvuselelwa okungafunekiyo. Impendulo eyiphumela iyaziwa njengeempendulo ezimiselweyo (CR).
Impendulo enemimiselo yempendulo efunyenwe kwi-stimulus yangaphambili yokungathathi hlangothi. Ngokomzekelo wethu, impendulo engummiselo yayiya kulambile xa uvile isandi somloli.
Imigaqo ephambili yeClassical Conditioning
Abaziphathe ngayo baye bachaza inani leemeko ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene nesimo sengqondo. Ezinye zezi zinto zibandakanya ukusungulwa kokuqala kwempendulo kanti abanye bachaza ukunyamalala kwempendulo. Ezi zinto zibalulekile ekuqondeni inkqubo yokwenza imimiselo yeklasiki.
Masiqwalasele ngokuthe ngqo imigaqo emihlanu ephambili yemeko yeklasi:
1. U kuzuza
Ukufunyanwa yinqanaba lokuqala lokufunda xa impendulo iqala kwaye iqiniswe ngamandla. Ngethuba lokufumana isigaba semeko ye-classical, i-stimulus engathathi hlangothi iphindaphindiwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokuvuselelwa okungafunekiyo . Njengoko ukhumbuza, ukuvuselela okungafunwa yinto engokwemvelo kwaye yenza ngokuzenzekelayo impendulo ngaphandle kokufunda. Emva kokuba iqumrhu lenziwe, esi sihloko siza kuqala ukukhupha ukuziphatha ekuphenduleni kwimeko yangaphambili yokungathathi hlangothi, eyaziwa ngokuba yi- stimulus . Kule ngongoku siyakwazi ukuphendula ukuba impendulo ithe yafunyanwa.
Ngokomzekelo, cingela ukuba unemeko yokwazisa inja ukuphendula kwisandi sensimbi. Udibanisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukunikezwa kokutya ngesandi sensimbi. Unokuthi impendulo ifunyenwe ngokukhawuleza ukuba inja iqale ukukhawuleza ngokuphendula kwithenda yentsimbi.
Emva kokuba impendulo isungulwe, unokwenza ngokuthe ngcembe ukuqinisa impendulo ye-salivation ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuziphatha kufundwe kakuhle.
2. Ukuphela
Ukuqothulwa kwimeko apho ukuvela kweempendulo ezimiselweyo kuyancipha okanye kuyaphela. Kwiimeko zokudala, oku kwenzekayo xa i-stimulus efakwe kwimeko engasayi kubhanqa ne-stimulus engavumelekanga.
Ngokomzekelo, ukuba iphunga lokutya (i-stimulus engenakunqunyanyiswayo) lidibene nesandi somloli (i-stimulus condition), ekugqibeleni yayiza kuphakamisa impendulo yokulamba. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba i-stimulus engenakunqwenela (ukuvumba kokutya) ayengasayi kubambisana ne-stimulated (i-whistle), ekugqibeleni ukuphendulwa kwesimo (hunger) kuya kupheka.
3. Ukubuyisela ngokukhawuleza
Ngamanye amaxesha impendulo yokufunda inokuphinda ikhumbule ngokukhawuleza nangemva kwexesha lokuphela. Ukubuyiselwa ngokukhawuleza kukubuyiselwa kwempendulo ehambelanayo emva kwexesha lokuphumla okanye ixesha lokuphendula okungapheliyo. Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba emva kokuqeqesha inja ukuba ikhwele kwisandi sensimbi, uyeka ukuqinisa ukuziphatha kwaye impendulo ekugqibeleni iphela. Emva kwexesha lokuphumla apho i-stimulus engavumelekanga, ayifake ngokukhawuleza intsimbi kwaye isilwanyana siphinde siphinde siphumelele impendulo yangaphambili.
Ukuba i-stimulated and stimulus stimulus ayifumanisekanga, ukuphela kwayo kuya kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza emva kokuphulukana ngokukhawuleza.
4. I-Stimulus Generalization
I-Stimulus Generalization yi-tendency ye-stimulated stimulus ukuphakamisa iimpendulo ezifanayo emva kokuba impendulo ifakwe.
Ngokomzekelo, ukuba inja iye yahlanjululwa ukuba isalwe kwisandi sensimbi, isilwanyana sinokubonisa iimpendulo ezifanayo kwi-stimuli efana ne-stimulus. Ku-John B. Watson obizwa ngokuba yi- Little Albert Experiment , umzekelo, umntwana omncinci wayenomdla wokutya isondo esimhlophe. Umntwana wabonisa ukuvuselela ukuvuselela ngokubonakalisa ukwesaba ngokuphendula kwezinye izinto ezimhlophe ezingenanto ezibandakanya izinto zokudlala kunye neenwele zikaMatan.
5. I-Stimulus Discrimination
Ulwahlulo luyakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwesimo esifanelekileyo kunye nezinye izinto ezingenakunyaniswa kunye nefuthe elingenamthetho.
Ngokomzekelo, ukuba i-tone yentsimbi yayiyi-stimulus engqinelanayo, ukucalulwa kubandakanya ukukwazi ukuchazela umahluko phakathi kwentsimbi yentsimbi kunye nezinye izandi ezifanayo. Ngenxa yokuba isihloko siyakwazi ukwahlula phakathi kwale miyalelo, uya kuphendula kuphela xa i-stimulus ehambelanayo ifakiwe.
Imizekelo yesiGanga
Kunokuba luncedo ukujonga imimiselo embalwa yendlela inkqubo yeklasi yokusebenza ngayo isebenza kokubili kwisetyenziso sokwenene kunye nehlabathi langempela.
I-classical Conditioning of Fear Response
Enye yeempawu ezidumileyo zengqondo ye-classic yayinguvavanyo lukaJohn B. Watson apho kukho ukwesaba okwenziwe kwinkwenkwe eyaziwa ngokuba ngu-Little Albert. Umntwana ekuqaleni wayengabonakali ukwesaba i-rat yamhlophe, kodwa emva kokuba i-rat idibene ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngeentsandi ezivakalayo, umntwana uya kulila xa i-rat ikhona. Uloyiko lomntwana luphinde lwenzeke kwezinye izinto ezimhlophe ezimhlophe.
Makhe sihlolisise iimpawu zolu vavanyo lweklasikhi. Ngaphambi kwesimo, i-rat yamhlophe yayingumngcipheko ongathathi hlangothi. I-stimulus engavumelekanga yayiyizandi ezivakalayo, izilumko kunye neempendulo ezingenakunqwenela ukuphendula okwesaba okwenziwa yingxolo. Ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukudibanisa i-rat kunye ne-stimulus engenakunqunyulwa, i-rat yezimhlophe (ngoku i-stimulus condition) yavusa ukuphendula okwesaba (ngoku iphendululwe ngokufanelekileyo).
Lo mzamo ubonisa indlela i- phobias enokuyenza ngayo ngokusebenzisa imimiselo yeklasi. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukudibanisa omnye umntu ongekho hlangothi (inja, umzekelo) kunye nolwazi olwethusayo (ukubetha yinja) kunokukhokelela ekuxhaseni (kubanjwe izinja).
Uhlobo lweClassical of Taste Aversions
Omnye umzekelo wemeko yeklasi ingabonwa ekuphuhlisweni kweemeko zengcamango . Abaphengululi uJohn Garcia noBob Koeling baqale baqaphela le nto xa bebona indlela iirhwebe eziye zaboniswa ngayo i-radiation-causing causing radiation zaqala ukuphazamiseka kwamanzi athabileyo emva kokuba umbane kunye namanzi ahlanganiswe ndawonye. Kulo mzekelo, i-radiation imele ukuvuselelwa okungafunekiyo kwaye isicaphuphelo simele impendulo engavumelekanga. Emva kokubambisana kwamabini, amanzi adibeneyo yi-stimulus ehambelanayo, ngelixa i-nausea eyenziwe xa iboniswe emanzini yodwa yempendulo.
Uphando olutshanje lwabonisa ukuba izinto ezinjalo eziqhelekileyo ziyakwenziwa ngokukhatyathwa ngokubambisana kwesimo esifanelekileyo kunye nokuvuselelwa okungafunekiyo. Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba iimpembelelo ezinjalo zinokukhula nokuba i-stimulus (i-taste of food) ifumaneka kwiiyure eziliqela ngaphambi kokuvuselelwa okungafunekiyo (ukuvuselela i-nausea-stimulus stimulus).
Kutheni le mibutho ikhula ngokukhawuleza? Kuyacaca ukuba ukwenza loo mibutho inokufumana inzuzo yokuphila kwimpilo. Ukuba isilwanyana esidla into eyenza igula, kufuneka iphephe ukutya ukutya okufanayo kwixesha elizayo ukuphepha ukugula okanye nokufa. Lo ngumzekelo omhle wento eyaziwa ngokuba yilungiso lwezinto eziphilayo . Enye imibutho iqulunqa ngokulula kuba inceda ekusindeni.
Kwesifundo esisodwa senzululwazi esidumileyo, abaphandi bajoba izidumbu zezimvu ngesityhefu eza kwenza ukuba ama-coyotes agule kodwa angawabulali. Injongo yayikuncedisa izimvu zeegusha ukunciphisa inani lezimvu ezilahlekelwe ekubulaweni kwe-coyote. Akuzange nje kuphela ukuzama ukusebenza ngokunciphisa inani lezimvu ezibuleweyo, kwabangela ukuba ezinye zeengqungquthela zihlakulele ukukhuseleka okunzulu kwezimvu eziya kubaleka ngokuphunga okanye ukubona izimvu.
ILizwi
Enyanisweni, abantu abaphenduli ngokufanayo njengezinja zikaPavlov . Kukho, nangona kunjalo, izicelo ezininzi zehlabathi zangempela. Ngokomzekelo, abaninzi abaqeqeshi beenja basebenzise iindlela zobugcisa bokufunda ukuze bancede abantu baqeqeshe iilwanyana zabo.
Ezi ndlela zisebenzisekile ekuncedeni abantu ukuba babhekane neengxaki ze-phobias okanye iingxaki zokuxhalabisa. I-Therapists inokwenza, umzekelo, ukudibanisa ngokuphindaphindiweyo into ebangela ukuba uxhalabise ngamasu okuphucula ukuze udale umbutho.
Ootitshala bayakwazi ukusebenzisa imimiselo yeklasini eklasini ngokudala indawo enhle yokufundela indawo yokuncedisa abafundi ukuba banqobe uxinzelelo okanye ukwesaba. Ukubambisa imeko ephazamisayo, njengokwenza phambi kweqela, kunye neendawo ezithandekayo kunceda umfundi ukuba afunde imibutho emitsha. Esikhundleni sokuziva uxhalabele kwaye zixakeke kwezi meko, umntwana uya kufunda ukuphumla kunye nokuzola.
> Imithombo:
> Breedlove, SM. Iimigaqo-Psychology. I-Oxford: I-Oxford University Press; 2015.
> Nevid, JS.Psychology: Iingcamango kunye nezicelo. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth; 2013.