Ukuba umntu ucele ukuba uchaze ubuntu bomhlobo obusondeleyo, ungathini na izinto? Izinto ezimbalwa ezinokuthi zifike engqondweni ziyimigomo echazayo, efana "ephumayo," "onobubele" kunye "nocwebileyo." Zonke ezi zimela iimpawu. Liyintoni na eli gama elithi "impawu" lithetha ntoni?
Umxholo unokucingelwa njengento ezinzile ebenza ukuba abantu baziphathe ngendlela ezithile.
Indlela yokuziphatha yobuntu yenye yeyona ndawo iyingingqi ebalulekileyo ekufundeni ubuntu. Iingcamango zengqondo zibonisa ukuba ubuqu bomntu ngamnye buqulethwe ngala macala amaninzi.
Ngokungafani nezinye iimbono zobuntu, ezifana neengqondo ze-psychoanalytic okanye iingcamango zabantu , indlela yokuziphatha yobuntu igxile kwimibono phakathi kwabantu. Ukudibana kunye nokusebenzisana kweempawu ezahlukeneyo kubumba ubuntu obuhlukile kumntu ngamnye. Iingcamango zengqondo zijolise ekuboneni nasekulinganiseni iimpawu zobuntu.
Gordon Allport's Trait Theory
Ngowe-1936, isazi sengqondo sengqondo uGordon Allport safumanisa ukuba esinye isichazi-magama sesiNgesi sodwa sasinegama elingaphezu kwama-4,000 elichaza izici zobuntu ezahlukeneyo . Ukwahlula ezi mpawu zibe ngamanqanaba amathathu:
Iimpawu zeKalidina: Ezi ziimpawu ezilawula ubomi bomntu wonke, ngokuphindaphindiweyo ukuze umntu aziwa ngokucacileyo kule mpawu.
Abantu abanobuntu obunjalo banokukwaziwa kakhulu ngenxa yezi mpawu ukuba amagama abo ahlala efana nale mpawu. Cinga imvelaphi kunye nengqiqo yamagama alandelayo achazayo: iMacavavellian, i-narcissistic, uDon Juan, onjengaKristu, njl.
U-Allport waphakamisa ukuba iimpawu zamakhadi azinqabile kwaye zithatha ukuphuhlisa kamva ebomini.
Impawu eziPhakathi: Ezi ziimpawu eziqhelekileyo ezenza iziseko ezisisiseko zobuntu. Ezi mpawu eziphambili, ngelixa zingabi zilawula njengezikhawu ezikhawulezayo, zizinto eziphambili ongayisebenzisa ukuchaza omnye umntu.
Imigomo enjengokuthi "ingqiqo," "inyanisekileyo," "ihlazo," kunye "nokuxhalaba" kubonwa njengempawu eziphambili.
Iimpawu zesiSekondari: Ezi ziimpawu zambi ngamanye amaxesha zihlobene nezimo zengqondo okanye iinketho. Zivame ukubonakala kuphela kwiimeko ezithile okanye phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Eminye imizekelo iza kuba nexhala xa uthetha neqela okanye ungapheliyo ngelixa ulinde kumgca.
I-Questionnaire ye-Personality Factor Questionnaire yeRaymond Cattell
I-Traitor Theorist uRaymond Cattell unciphise inani leempawu eziphambili kwi-Allport uluhlu lokuqala lwama-4,000 ukuya kwe-171. Wenza oko ngokuyinhloko ngokuphelisa iimpawu ezingavamile kunye nokudibanisa iimpawu eziqhelekileyo.
Emva koko, uKattell ulinganise isampula enkulu yabantu ngabanye kwezi zimpawu ezili-171 ezahlukeneyo. Emva koko, usebenzisa i-statistical technique eyaziwa njengoluhlalutyo lwezinto, wachaza imigaqo ehambelanayo kwaye ekugqibeleni wanciphisa uluhlu lwakhe kwizinto ezili-16 eziphambili zobuntu .
Ngokutsho kukaCattell, ezi zi-16 ziyimvelaphi yobuntu bonke.
Wabuye wahlakulela enye yezona zinto zifunyenwe ngokubanzi ngabantu abaziwa ngokuba yi-"Questionnaire Factory Factor Questionnaire".
Eysenck's Three Dimensions of Personality
Ingcali yeengqondo yaseBrithani uHans Eysenck yavelisa imodeli yobuntu esekelwe kwimizila emithathu yendalo yonke.
I-Introversion / I-Extraversion: Ukwazisa kuquka ukuqondisa ingqalelo kumava angaphakathi, ngelixa i- extraversion ihambelana nokugxila ingqalelo kwabanye abantu kunye nokusingqongileyo. Umntu ophakamileyo kwi-introversion inokuthula kwaye igcinwe, ngelixa umntu ophakamileyo kwi-extraversion inokuba yintlalontle kunye nokuphumayo.
Ukuxhamla nge-Neuroticism / Emotional Stability: Le ngongoma ye-Eysenck yendlela yokuziphatha ichaphazelekayo ngokubhekiselele kwimeko yokuziphatha.
I-neuroticism ibhekisela kumkhwa womntu wokuba athukuthele okanye aphefumle, ngoxa ukuzinza kubhekisela ekutheni uhlale uhlala uvakalelwa.
I-Psychoticism: Kamva, emva kokufunda abantu abagula ngengqondo, u-Eysenck wongezelela ubukhulu bomntu wabiza ingqondo yakhe ngengqondo. Abantu abaphakamileyo kulo mkhwa banentlupheko ekusebenzelaneni nokunyaniseka kwaye banokuba ngabantu abangafaniyo, abanobutsha, abangenabubele, nabanobuchule.
Iingcamango ezinhlanu zoBuntu
Iingcamango zikaCattell kunye no-Eysenck ziye zafunyanwa ngophando olunzulu. Oku kuye kwabangela ukuba abathile be-theorists bakholelwe ukuba uCatell wagxininisa kwiimpawu ezininzi, ngoxa uEysenck egxile kakhulu kumbalwa. Ngenxa yoko, inkolelo entsha yokuziphatha ichazwa ngokuba yi-"Big Five".
Lo mzekelo wezinto ezinhlanu zobuntu ubonisa impawu ezintlanu ezisisiseko ezisebenzisanayo ukuze zenze ubuntu bomntu . Nangona abaphandi bavumi ukungavumelani ngokubhekiselele kwiibhaliweyo ngokulandelana nganye, ezi zilandelayo zichazwe ngokuqhelekileyo:
- U kukhutshwa
- Ukungqinelana
- Unembeza
- Neuroticism
- Ukuvuleka
Ukuvavanya indlela yoBuntu
Uninzi lwama-theorists kunye neengqondo ze-psychologists ziyavuma ukuba abantu banokuchazwa ngokusekelwe kwiimpawu zabo zobuntu. Sekunjalo, i-theorists iyaqhubeka nokuxubusha inani leempawu ezisisiseko ezenza ubuntu bomntu. Nangona iingcamango zengqondo zinemilinganiselo eyenziwa yizinto ezithile zobuntu (ezifana ne-Freud's psychoanalytic theory), nayo ibuthathaka.
Ezinye zezona zichaso eziqhelekileyo zengcali yezobugcisa kwimiba yokuba iziganeko zisoloko ziphosa ukuziphatha. Nangona umntu angenza amanqaku aphakamileyo kwiimvavanyo zendlela ethile, akanakuhlala eziphatha ngaloo ndlela kwiimeko zonke. Enye ingxaki leyo zi ngcamango zengqondo aziqwalaselani ukuba njani okanye kutheni ukungafani komntu kuphuhliso okanye kuvela.
ILizwi
Ukufunda ngobuntu kunye nokuba yeyiphi imilo kunye nefuthe lomntu ngamnye uyamthakazelisa. Njengoko ubona, abo bafunda le ntsimi banemibono eyahlukileyo. Nangona kunjalo, bayakha omnye nomnye kwaye i-theorists zivame ukucokisa umsebenzi wabaphambili babo, okuqhelekileyo kuzo zonke iinjongo zenzululwazi.
Yintoni ebaluleke kakhulu ukuyiqonda kukuba wonke umntu unempawu zobuntu ezahlukeneyo. Sonke sinempawu ezithile ezilawula ubuntu bethu ngeendlela ezininzi ezinokuvela kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo. Kwakhona, iimpawu zethu zinokutshintsha ixesha elide kwaye zinokubunjwa ngamava ethu.
> Imithombo:
> Allport GW. Ubuntu: Ukuchazwa kweengqondo. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston: 1937.
> Cattell RB. Ubuntu obuCwangcisiweyo beSifundo soBuchule kunye noBuchule. ENew York, NY: Mc Hill Hill; - 1950.
> Eysenck HJ. Ulwakhiwo lobuntu boBuntu. ENew York, NY: John Wiley kunye noonyana, Inc .; 1947.
> McCrae RR, Costa PT. Ukwakhiwa koLuntu lweZakhiwo njengoLuntu jikelele. Iingcali zeMilo zaseMerika . Ngo-1997: 52 ; 509-516.