Indlela yokuQiniswa nokuGwetywa kushintshe ukuziphatha
Isimo sokusebenza (ngezinye izihlandlo esibizwa ngokuba sisimo sengqondo esisetyenziswayo ) yindlela yokufunda eyenzeka ngemivuzo kunye nezohlwayo zokuziphatha. Ngokusebenzisa isimo sokusebenza, umbutho wenziwa phakathi kokuziphatha kunye nesiphumo sokuziphatha.
Umzekelo, xa ikhonkethi yebhule icinezela iqhosha elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ufumana i-pellet yokutya njengomvuzo, kodwa xa ecinezela iqhosha elibomvu ufumana ukutshatyalaliswa kombane.
Ngenxa yoko, ufunda ukucofa iqhosha elihlaza okwesibhakabhaka kodwa ugweme iqhosha elibomvu.
Kodwa imeko yokusebenza ayiyona into eyenzekayo kwisetyenziselwa ukuhlola ngexesha loqeqesho lwezilwanyana zasebhabhini; Kwakhona lidlala indima enamandla ekufundeni kwansuku zonke. Ukuqiniswa kunye nokuhlawulwa kwenzeka malunga nentsuku zonke kwiimeko zendalo kunye nakwimimiselo enjengeenkalo zokufundela okanye iiseshoni zonyango.
Masiqwalasele ngokukodwa indlela yokusebenza kwemimiselo efunyenwe ngayo, impembelelo enokuba nayo kwizengqondo, nokuba isetyenziselwa ukutshintsha njani iimpawu zokuziphatha nokufundisa ezintsha.
Imbali yoMgangatho wokuSebenza
Isimo sokusebenza sasenziwe ngumqhubi we- BF Skinner , oko kutheni unokuthi uve ngezinye izihlandlo ekubhekiselelwe kuyo njenge-Skinnerian conditioning. Njengendlela yokuziphatha, i-Skinner yayikholelwa ukuba kwakungeyona imfuneko ukuba ibhekisise iingcamango zangaphakathi kunye nezizathu zokuchazela ukuziphatha. Kunoko, wacetyiswa ukuba sifanele sijonge kuphela kwizinto zangaphandle ezibonakalayo zokuziphatha kwabantu.
Ngenxalenye yokuqala yokuqala yekhulu lama-20, ukuziphatha kwaba yinto ebalulekileyo ngaphakathi kwengqondo. Iingcamango zikaJohn B. Watson zilawulwa kwesi sikolo sokucinga kwangaphambili. UWatson ujolise kwimimiselo yenkcazo yeklasi , xa ebonisa ukuba unokuthi athathe umntu na ngaphandle kwayo imvelaphi yakhe kwaye aqeqeshe ukuba abe yinto ayithandayo.
Apho abaqalayo bokuziphatha bebejolise kwiminqweno yabo kwimfundo yokudibanisa, i-Skinner yayinomdla kwindlela iimiphumo zabantu ezithinte ngayo ukuziphatha kwazo.
I-Skinner isebenzisa ixesha elisebenzayo ukubhekisela kuyo nayiphina "ukuziphatha okusebenzayo okusebenza kwindalo ukuze kuveliswe imiphumo." Ngamanye amazwi, i-Skinner's theory ichaze indlela esizuza ngayo uluhlu lweendlela zokuziphatha ezifundwayo esizibonisa nganye imihla.
Ingcamango yakhe yayiphenjelelwa kakhulu ngumsebenzi weengqondo zengqondo u- Edward Thorndike , owayecebise oko wayebiza ngokuba ngumthetho wokusebenza . Ngokwalo mgaqo, izenzo ezilandelwa ziziphumo ezinqwenelekayo ziyakuthi ziphindwe ngelixa zilandelwa iziphumo ezingafunekiyo zingenakuphindaphinda.
Isimo sokusebenza sithembele kwisiseko esilula - izenzo ezalandelwa ukuqiniswa ziya kuqiniswa kwaye ziphinde ziphinde zenzeke kwakhona kwixesha elizayo. Ukuba uthetha ibali elihle eklasini kwaye wonke umntu uhleka, mhlawumbi uya kuba nokuphindaphinda ukuxelela ibali ngelixa elizayo. Ukuba uphakamise isandla sakho ukubuza umbuzo kwaye utitshala wakho udumisa ukuziphatha kwakho okuhloniphekileyo, uya kuba nokuphakamisa isandla sakho ngexesha elilandelayo xa unombuzo okanye uluvo.
Ngenxa yokuziphatha kulandelwa ukuqiniswa, okanye umphumo onqwenelekayo, izenzo ezandulelayo ziyaqiniswa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iintshukumo ezibangelwa isohlwayo okanye iimpembelelo ezingathandekiyo ziya kubuthathaka kwaye kungenakwenzeka ukuba ziphinde zenzeke kwakhona. Ukuba uthetha elinye ibali kwakhona kwelinye iklasi kodwa akukho mntu uhleka ngeli xesha, awuyi kuba lula ukuphindaphinda ibali kwakhona kwikamva. Ukuba umemeza impendulo eklasini kwaye utitshala wakho uyakunxusa, ngoko unokungaphinda uphazamise iklasi kwakhona.
Iintlobo zezinto ezikhuselekileyo
I-Skinner yahluke phakathi kweentlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha
- Iimpawu zokuphendula zizo zenzeke ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye zixubushe, njengokutsalwa kwesandla sakho kwisitofu eshushu okanye ukugubha umlenze wakho xa ugqirha egaqa emadolweni. Akudingeki ukuba ufunde ezi ziphatha, zivele zenzeke ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye zingabandakanyeki.
- Ukuziphatha okusebenzayo , ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngabo baphantsi kokulawula kwethu. Ezinye ziyakwenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nabanye ngenjongo, kodwa yimiphumo yalezi zinto ezichaphazela ukuba ngaba ziphinde zenzeke kwakhona kwixesha elizayo. Izenzo zethu kwindalo kunye nemiphumo yaloo nyathelo yakha inxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo yokufunda .
Nangona iimeko zesigcawu zingenza i-akhawunti yomntu ophendulayo, i-Skinner yaqaphela ukuba ayikwazi ukunika ingxelo enkulu yemfundo. Kunoko, i-Skinner icetyise ukuba imeko yokusebenza ibaluleke kakhulu.
U-Skinner waqulunqa amacebo ahlukeneyo ebuntwaneni bakhe kwaye wabeka ezo zakhono ukusebenza ngexesha lokufunda kwakhe kwimeko yokusebenza.
Wadala ifowuni eyaziwa njengegumbi lokumisela, elidla ngokubhekisela kulo namhlanje njengebhokisi le- Skinner . Ikamelo laliyintloko ebhokisi eyayingabamba isilwanyana esincinane ezifana ne-rat okanye ipigeon. Ibhokisi iqulethe ibhar okanye isitshixo ukuba isilwanyana singacinezela ukuze sithole umvuzo.
Ukuze ulandele iimpendulo, i-Skinner nayo yavelisa ifowuni eyaziwa njenge-record record. Ifowuni ibhaliwe iimpendulo njengentshukumo ephakamileyo yomgca ukwenzela ukuba amazinga ompendulo afundwe ngokujonga kwintlambo yomgca.
Izixhobo zoMgangatho wokuSebenza
Kukho iingcamango ezincinci kwiimeko zokusebenza.
Ukuqiniswa koMgangatho wokuSebenzayo
Ukuqiniswa naluphi na umcimbi oqinisa okanye ukwandisa ukuziphatha oku kulandelayo. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zokuvuselela:
- Iimpazamo ezintle ziziganeko ezilungileyo okanye iziphumo ezivela emva kokuziphatha. Kwiimeko ezibonakalisa ukuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo, impendulo okanye ukuziphatha kuqiniswa ukongezwa kwento ethile, njengokudumisa okanye umvuzo othe ngqo. Umzekelo, ukuba wenza umsebenzi omhle emsebenzini kwaye umphathi wakho unika ibhonasi.
- Abagxeki ababiyo baquka ukususwa kweemeko ezingathandekiyo okanye iziphumo emva kokuboniswa kokuziphatha. Kule meko, iimpendulo ziyomelezwa ngokususwa kwezinto ezinjengezinto ezingathandekiyo. Umzekelo, ukuba umntwana wakho uqala ukukhala phakathi kwevenkile yokutya, kodwa uyayeka xa umnika ukunyangwa, uya kuba nokunyanga xa eqala ukukhala. Isenzo sakho senze ukuba kususwe imeko engathandekiyo (umntwana ekhala), ukuqinisa kakubi indlela oziphatha ngayo.
Kuzo zombini ziimeko zokuqiniswa, ukuziphatha kukhula.
Ukuhlwaywa kwiSimo sokuSebenza
Ukuhlwaywa yinkcazo yesiganeko okanye isiphumo esibangela ukuba kunciphise ukuziphatha oku kulandelayo. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zokujeziswa:
- Isijeziso esifanelekileyo , ngamanye amaxesha esibizwa ngokuba sisijeziso ngesicelo, sibonisa isiganeko esiphumeleleyo okanye isiphumo ukwenzela ukuba buthathaka ukuphendula. Ukugxeka ukuziphatha kakubi ngumzekelo wohlwaywa ngesicelo.
- Isohlwayo esingathandekiyo , esaziwa nangokuthi isohlwayo ngokususwa, senzeka xa isiganeko esihle okanye isiphumo sisuswa emva kokuziphatha. Ukuthatha umdlalo wevidiyo womntwana emva kokungaziphathi kakuhle ngumzekelo wesiluleko esibi.
Kuzo zombini kwezi zihlwayo, ukuziphatha kuyahla.
Iishedyuli zoQinisekiso
Ukuqiniswa akuyona indlela ecacileyo kwaye kukho iinkalo ezininzi ezinokuchaphazela ngokukhawuleza kunye nendlela ezitsha zifundwa ngayo. I-Skinner yafumanisa ukuba xa kwaye kwaye kaninzi kangakanani ukuziphatha kwanyanzeliswa kwadlala indima kwisantya kunye namandla okufumana. Ngamanye amazwi, ixesha kunye nokuphindaphindiweyo kokuqinisekiswa kwathonya indlela abaziphatha ngayo abatsha kunye nendlela abaziphatha ngayo ubudala.
I-Skinner ichonge iishedyuli ezahlukeneyo zokuqiniswa ezichaphazela inkqubo yokumisela imeko:
- Ukuqiniswa okuqhubekayo kubandakanya ukunikezelwa ukuqiniswa rhoqo emva kwempendulo. Ukufunda kuthatha ukuba kwenzeke ngokukhawuleza, kodwa izinga lokuphendula liphantsi. Ukuphelelwa kwexesha kubuye kwenzeke ngokukhawuleza xa ukuqinisekiswa kugqityiwe.
- Iishedyuli ze -Fixed-ratio zihlobo oluthile lokuqiniswa. Iimpendulo ziqiniswa kuphela emva kweenombolo ezithile zeempendulo ezenzekile. Oku kubangela ukuba kubekho izinga lokuphendula ngokukhawuleza.
- Iishedyuli zexesha elizinzileyo yinye ifomu yokuqiniswa ngokukhawuleza. Ukuqiniswa kwenzeka kuphela emva kwexesha elithile lexesha elidlulileyo. Iimpendulo zempendulo zihlala zizinzile kwaye ziqala ukwandisa njengoko ixesha lokuqinisa liya kusondela, kodwa likhawuleze emva kokuqiniswa.
- Iishedyuli zemiba eguquguqukayo nazo zihlobo lokuxhaswa ngokukodwa okubandakanya ukuziphatha okuqinisayo emva kwenani leempendulo. Oku kukhokelela kokubili izinga lokuphendula eliphezulu kunye namazinga okuphela kwexesha elide.
- Iishedyuli zexesha elichanekileyo yindlela yokugqibela ye-Skinner eqinisekisiwe. Le shedyuli ibandakanya ukunikezela ngokuqiniswa emva kwexesha eliguqukileyo lexesha elidlulileyo. Oku kuya kukhokelela ekutheni umlinganiselo wokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kunye nezinga lokuphela lokunciphisa.
Imizekelo yoMgangatho wokuSebenza
Sifumana imimiselo yenkqubo yokusebenza esebenza kuyo yonke indawo. Cinga imeko yabantwana abagqiba umsebenzi wesikolo ukuze bafumane umvuzo kumzali okanye utitshala, okanye abasebenzi bagqibe iiprojekthi zokufumana indumiso okanye ukunyuswa.
Eminye imizekelo yokusebenza kwesimo sokusebenza:
- Ukuba umntwana wakho uphuma ngexesha lokuthenga, ungamnika unyango ukuze amthulise. Ngenxa yokuba ngokuqinisekileyo uqinisekisile ukuziphatha kakubi, mhlawumbi uya kuba nako ukuphinda akwazi ukuphinda akwazi ukuphinda athole olunye unyango.
- Emva kokudlala kwindawo yokudlala yezemidlalo, ufumana ihlombe kubaphulaphuli. Oku kusebenza njengamandla okukhuthaza ukuba uzame ukwenza imisebenzi eninzi.
- Uqeqesha inja yakho ukuba ilandele ngokumnika indumiso kunye ne-pat entloko xa eqhuba ngokuziphatha ngokuchanekileyo.
- Unjingalwazi uxelela abafundi ukuba ukuba bahamba ngokugqibeleleyo yonke i-semester, ngoko akudingeki ukuba bathathe uvavanyo olupheleleyo lokugqibela. Ngokususa i-stimulus engathandekiyo (abafundi bokugqibela bavavanya) baqiniswa kakubi ukuba baye kwiiklasi rhoqo.
- Ukuba ungaphumeleli ukunika iprojekthi ngexesha, umphathi wakho uyacaphuka aze ahlaziye ukusebenza kwakho phambi kwabasebenzi bakho. Oku kusebenza njengesigqeba esilungileyo esenza ukuba kuncinci ukuba uza kugqiba iiprojekthi emva kwexesha elizayo.
- Intombazana encinci ingayicocisi igumbi layo njengoko yacelwa, ngoko abazali bakhe bayithatha ifowuni yakhe yonke imihla. Lo ngumzekelo wesohlwayo esibi apho i-stimulus enhle ithathwa.
Kweminye yale mizekelo, isithembiso okanye ukufumana umvuzo kubangela ukwanda kwendlela yokuziphatha, kodwa imeko yokusebenza ingasetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ukuziphatha. Ukususwa kwesiphumo esinqwenelekayo okanye isicelo siphumo esisiphumo singasetyenziselwa ukunciphisa okanye ukukhusela iimpawu ezingathandekiyo. Ngokomzekelo, umntwana unokuxelelwa ukuba uya kulahlekelwa ngamalungelo xa ekhuluma ngeklasi. Oku kunokwenzeka ukuba isohlwayo singakhokelela ekunciphiseni ukuziphatha okuphazamisayo.
ILizwi
Nangona ukuziphatha kungase kulahleke ubuninzi bokubaluleka okubanjwe ngethuba lokuqala kwinkulungwane ye-20, ukulungiswa kwesimo esisebenza ngokuqhubekayo kuyindlela ebalulekileyo kwaye isetyenziswa rhoqo kwinkqubo yokufunda nokuziphatha. Ngamanye amaxesha imiphumo yemvelo ibangela utshintsho kwihambo yethu. Kwamanye amaxesha, imivuzo kunye nezohlwayo ziyakwazi ukukhutshwa ngokugqithiseleyo ukuze zenze utshintsho.
Isimo sokusebenza yinto onokuyibona ngokukhawuleza ebomini bakho, ingaba kusemandleni akho ekufundiseni abantwana bakho ukuziphatha kakuhle okanye ekuqeqesheni inja yentsapho ukuyeka ukuhlafuna kwii-slippers ozifunayo. Into ebalulekileyo ukuba uyikhumbule kukuba nayiphi na uhlobo lokufunda, ngamanye amaxesha kuthatha ixesha. Cinga uhlobo lokuqinisekiswa okanye isijeziso esilungele kakuhle imeko yakho ekhethekileyo kwaye uhlolisise uhlobo oluthile lokuqulunqa ishedyuli kunokukhokelela kwiziphumo ezilungileyo.
> Imithombo:
> Coon, D & Mitterer, JO. I-Psychology: Ulendo. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth; 2014.
> Domjan, M. Imigaqo yokuFunda nokuziphatha, i-Seventh Edition. Stamford, CT; Cengage Learning; 2015.