Ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo kunye neengqondo kwakuyinkcazo eyenziwa ngu-psychoanalyst owaziwayo uSigmund Freud . Ingcamango yakhe ichaza indlela ubuntu obuphuhlisiwe ngayo ngexesha lokubantwana. Nangona i-theory iyaziwa kakhulu kwiingqondo zengqondo, isoloko iphikisana kakhulu, kokubili ngexesha likaFrud kunye neengqondo zanamhlanje.
Ngako-ke izigaba zesini sengqondo zisebenza njani? UFrud wayekholelwa ukuba ubuntu buqhutywe ngoluhlu lwamanqanaba ebuntwaneni apho amandla okwenza umdlalo we- id agxininise kwimimandla ethile. Amandla angokwengqondo, okanye i- libido , ichazwe njengamandla okuziphatha.
Iingcamango ze-Psychoanalytic ziphakanyise ukuba ubuntu bubekwe ngokubanzi kwiminyaka emihlanu. Amava okuqala adlala indima enkulu ekuphuhlisweni komntu kwaye aqhubeke echaphazela ukuziphatha emva koko ebomini.
Ngoko kwenzeka ntoni kwinqanaba ngalinye? Kuthiwani ukuba umntu akakwazi ukuqhubela phambili kwisigaba okanye ngokufanelekileyo? Ukuba ezi nqanaba zengqondo zogqityiweyo zigqityiwe ngempumelelo, umntu ophilileyo ungumphumo.
Ukuba imiba ethile ayisombululwanga kwisigaba esifanelekileyo, ukulungiswa kuya kwenzeka. Ukulungiswa kugxininiso oluqhubekayo kwisigaba sangaphambili sengqondo. Kuze kube le ngxabano isombululwe, umntu uya kuhlala "unamathele" kule nqanaba. Ngokomzekelo, umntu olungiswe kwisigaba somlomo angaxhomekeke kuninzi kwabanye kwaye unokufuna ukuvuselelwa ngomlomo ngokubhema, ukusela okanye ukutya.
1 - I-Oral Stage
Umda wobudala: Ukuzalwa ukuya ku-1 Unyaka
Ummandla ongcolileyo: Umlomo
Ngethuba lomlomo, umthombo oyintloko wokubambisana uvela emlonyeni, ngoko-ke ukucoca kunye nokutsalwa kwe-reflex kubaluleke kakhulu. Umlomo ubalulekile ekudleni, kwaye umntwana ufumana ukuzonwabisa ngokuvuselela ngomlomo ngemisebenzi enomdla efana nokunambitha nokutshiza.
Ngenxa yokuba umntwana usuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo kubanakekeli (abanoxanduva lokuncedisa umntwana), usana luye lwavelisa ingqondo yokuthembela kunye nentuthuzelo ngokuvuselela ngomlomo.
Ingxabano ephambili kweli nqanaba yinkqubo yokulonda - umntwana kufuneka abe phantsi koxhasi. Ukuba ukulungiswa kwenzeka ngeli nqanaba, uFrud wayekholelwa ukuba umntu uya kuba nemiba yokuxhomekeka okanye uxhatshazo . Ukulungiswa komlomo kungabangela iingxaki zokusela, ukutya, ukutshaya, okanye ukubetha kweentambo.
2 - I-Anal Stage
Ubudala beminyaka: 1 ukuya kwi-3 iminyaka
Indawo ejongene nomhlaba: Ukulawulwa kwezilwanyana kunye ne-Bladder Control
Ngethuba lesibini, uFrud wayekholelwa ukuba ingqwalasela ephambili ye- libido yayikulawula ukuhamba kwesisu kunye nokuhamba. Impikiswano enkulu kweli nqanaba uqeqesho lwangasese - umntwana kufuneka afunde ukulawula izidingo zakhe zomzimba. Ukuphuhlisa lo lawulo kukhokelela kwinjongo yokufezekisa nokuzimela.
NgokukaFreud, impumelelo kweli nqanaba ixhomekeke kwindlela abazali abaya kuyo yokuqeqesha ngasese. Abazali abasebenzisa indumiso kunye nemivuzo yokusebenzisa indlu yangasese ngexesha elifanelekileyo bakhuthaza iziphumo ezintle kwaye bancede abantwana bazive bekwazi ukuvelisa. UFrud wayekholelwa ukuba amava amnandi ngeli nqanaba ayenzeka njengesiseko sokuba abantu babe nolwazi, abavelisayo kunye nabadala abadala.
Nangona kunjalo, akubona bonke abazali ababonelela ngenkxaso kunye nokukhuthazwa afunwa ngabantwana ngeli nqanaba. Abanye abazali bayabahlwaya, bahlekise okanye bahlazise umntwana ngenxa yengozi.
NgokukaFreud, iimpendulo ezingafanelekanga zabazali zingabangela iziphumo ezimbi. Ukuba ngaba abazali bathatha indlela engabonakaliyo, uFrud uncetyiswa ukuba umntu onokuzulazula angahlakulela apho umntu enomntu onobungozi , obonakalisayo okanye obonakalisayo. Ukuba ngaba abazali banzima kakhulu okanye baqala ukuqeqeshwa kwangasese ekuqaleni, uFrud wayekholelwa ukuba ubuntu obulinganisayo bukhula apho umntu ephethe kakuhle, ehleliweyo, eqinile, kwaye enqabileyo.
3 - Isigaba sePhalli
Ubudala beminyaka: 3 ukuya ku-6
Ummandla onobungozi: Izizukulwana
UFrud uncetyiswa ukuba ngexesha lesigaba sephallic, iinjongo eziphambili ze-libido zisezintweni zesini. Kule minyaka, abantwana baqala ukufumanisa ukungafani phakathi kwamadoda nabasetyhini.
UFrud wayekholelwa ukuba abafana baqala ukujonga oobawo njengoluphiko lwabazali. Inkqubo ye-Oedipus ichaza le mvakalelo yokufuna ukuthatha umama kunye nomnqweno wokutshintsha uyise. Nangona kunjalo, umntwana uyesaba ukuba uya kuhlwaywa nguyise ngenxa yezi mvakalelo, ukwesaba uFrud kuthiwa yixhala lokukhathazeka .
Ixesha elithi Electra complex has been used to describe a similar feelings of feelings experienced by girls. UFrud, noko ke, wayekholelwa ukuba amantombazana ayengaboni umona .
Ekugqibeleni, umntwana uqala ukuchonga umzali wesini esifanayo njengendlela yokunqoba omnye umzali. Nangona kunjalo, iintombazana, uFrud wayekholelwa ukuba umona wesibindi awuzange uphuculwe ngokupheleleyo kwaye ukuba bonke abafazi bahlala bekulungiswe kule nqanaba. Iingcali zengqondo ezifana noKaren Horney ziphikisana nale ngqungquthela, zibiza ngokungahambi kakuhle kunye nokunyelisa abantu besetyhini. Endaweni yoko, uHorney ucebisa ukuba amadoda abe nemizwa yokungabi phantsi kwezinto ngenxa yokuba abanako ukuzala abantwana, umqondo awayebhekisele kuwo njengesizalo somona .
4 - Ixesha elifutshane
Umda wobudala: 6 ukuya kutshatyalaliswa
Ummandla ongcolileyo: Imvakalelo yesondo ayisebenzi
Ngeli nqanaba, i-superego iyaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa ngelixa amandla e-id apheliswa. Abantwana bathuthukisa izakhono zentlalo, ixabiso kunye nobudlelwane kunye nabangaphandle kwintsapho.
Ukuphuhliswa kwe- ego kunye ne- superego negalelo kulo xesha lokuzola. Isigaba siqala malunga nexesha apho abantwana bangena esikolweni kwaye baxhalabele ngakumbi ngoontanga, ukuzonwabisa kunye nezinye izinto.
Ixesha elifihliweyo lixesha lokuhlola apho amandla esondo ahlala khona, kodwa iqondiswe kwezinye iindawo ezifana nokuphandelwa kwengqondo kunye nentsebenziswano yoluntu. Eli nqanaba lubalulekile ekuphuhliseni izakhono zoluntu nezonxibelelwano nokuzithemba.
5 - IsiGaba seGenesis
Umda wobudala: Ubusasa ekufeni
Ummandla onobungozi: Ukuxhalabisa inzala
Ukuqala kobuntwabangela kubangela ukuba i-libido isebenze kwakhona. Ngexesha lokugqibela lophuhliso locanshubo, umntu uhlakulela umdla wesondo olwahlukileyo. Eli nqanaba liqala ngethuba lokukhulelwa kodwa ekugqibeleni kulo lonke ubomi bomntu.
Apho kwizigaba zangaphambili kugxininiswe kuphela kwiimfuno zomntu ngamnye, inzala kwinhlalakahle yabanye ikhula ngeli nqanaba. Ukuba ezinye izigaba sele zigqityiwe ngempumelelo, umntu kufuneka ngoku ngokulinganiselayo, ngokufudumeleyo kwaye enomdla. Injongo yale nqanaba kukuseka umlinganiselo phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zobomi.
6 - Ukuhlola i-Theory ye-Stychosexual Stage Theory
Ingcamango kaFreud isacingwa njengengxabano namhlanje, kodwa ucinga indlela ukunyamezela kwabonakala ngayo ekupheleni kwee-1800 nakwiminyaka yokuqala ye-1900. Kukho iinkolelo zokugxekwa kunye nokugxekwa kwe-Theory ye-Psychosexual theory ngezizathu ezininzi, kubandakanywa neengcaphephe zenzululwazi kunye noluntu:
- Le ngcamango igxininise ngokupheleleyo ekuphuculweni kwendoda ngokungakhankanywa kancinci malunga nophuhliso lwezesini zobundlobongela.
- Iingcamango zakhe kunzima ukuvavanya isayensi. Iingcamango ezifana ne-libido akunakwenzeka ukulinganisa, ngoko ke azikwazi ukuvavanywa. Uphando oluye lwaqhutywa luya kuhlambalaza inkolelo yeFrud.
- Izibikezelo zexesha elizayo azicacanga. Sinokukwazi njani ukuba ukuziphatha kwangoku kubangelwe ngokukhethekileyo ngamava abantwana? Ubungakanani bexesha phakathi kwesizathu kunye nomphumo kuthatha ixesha elide ukucinga ukuba kukho ubudlelwane phakathi kweenguqu ezimbini.
- Ingcamango kaFreud isekelwe kwizifundo zecala kwaye ayiyi kuphando. Kwakhona, uFrud usekele indlela yakhe yokukhumbula izigulane zakhe ezikhulileyo, kungekhona ekuqwalaseleni nasekufundeni abantwana.
ILizwi
Nangona abantu abambalwa abaxhasayo abanamandla kwiingcamango zikaFreud zokuphuhliswa kwengqondo, namhlanje umsebenzi wakhe wenza iminikelo ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni kwethu ukuphuhliswa komntu. Mhlawumbi igalelo lakhe elibalulekileyo kwaye lihlala liyingcamango yokuba izinto ezinokungazi kakuhle zinokuba nefuthe elinamandla ekuziphatheni komntu.
Imfundiso kaFreud nayo igxininise ukubaluleka kwamava okuqala ekuphuhlisweni. Nangona iingcali ziqhubeka zixubusha imirhumo enxulumene namava okuqala ngokumalunga namava, iingcali zentuthuko ziyaqaphela ukuba iziganeko zobomi bokuqala zidlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yophuhliso kwaye zinokuba nemiphumo engapheliyo ebomini.
Enye into ebalulekileyo ukuba uqaphele kukuba iingcamango zengqondo zengqondo zengqondo zibandakanya kwaye zigxininisa iingcamango malunga nobudlelwane obuphakathi kunye nokusebenzisana kunye nezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi esilondoloze ngayo indlela esizijonga ngayo kwiimodeli ezaqala ngoFrud.
> Imithombo:
> I-Carducci, iBJ. I-Psychology of Personality: Iimbono, uPhando, kunye nezicelo. UK: John Wiley & Son; 2009.
> Freud, S. Iintlawulo ezintathu kwiNtsholongwane yoTyhini (i-Annotated). Arcadia Ebook; 2016.
> Shaffer, DR & Kipp, K. Uphuhliso lweengqondo: Ubuntwana kunye ne-Adolescense. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth Cengage Learning; 2010.