U-Erik Erikson wayeyi-ego yengqondo yengqondo eyenza enye yeengcamango eziphambili kunye nezithintelo zophuhliso. Nangona iincwadana zakhe zachaphazeleka ngumsebenzi we-psychoanalyst u-Sigmund Freud, umsebenzi ka-Erikson wayegxile ekuphuculweni kwengqondo kunokuqulunqa isondo ngocwangco . Izigaba ezenza yakhe ingcamango zilandelayo:
- Isigaba 1 - Ukholo kunye nokungathembeki
- Isigaba sesi-2 - Ukuzimela ngokumelene no-Shame kunye nokungaqiniseki
- Isigaba sesi-3 - Isilathiso kunye nokulingana
- Isigaba 4 - Amashishini kunye nokuhlaselwa
- Isigaba sesi-5 - Identity vs. Confusion
- Isigaba 6 - Ubusondelelwano kunye nokuxhaswa
- Isigaba sesi-7 - Ukuveliswa koMbane kunye noHlabathi
- Isigaba 8 - Intembeko kunye nokuphelelwa lithemba
Masiqwalasele ngokusondeleyo kwimvelaphi kunye nezigaba ezahlukeneyo ezenza i-theory yengqondo ye-Erikson.
Yintoni Uphuhliso Lwezengqondo?
Ngoko yintoni eyona mfundiso kaErikson yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo? Ngokufana noSigmund Freud , u-Erikson ukholelwe ukuba ubuntu bubekwe kwinqanaba lezigaba. Ngokungafani nenkolelo kaFrud yeengongoma zengqondo zesini, u-Erikson uluvo lwachazwa impembelelo yamava oluntu kwiminyaka yonke yokuphila. U-Erikson unomdla kwindlela intsebenziswano yentlalontle kunye nolwalamano lwaba negalelo ekuphuhliseni nasekukhuleni kwabantu.
Isigaba ngasinye kwisifundo sika-Erikson sakha kwiiyathelo ezilandelelweyo kwaye sivula indlela yexesha elilandelayo lophuhliso.
Kwinqanaba ngalinye, u-Erikson ukholelwa ukuba abantu bafumana ukungquzulana okusebenza njengenguqu yokuphucula. Ngombono ka-Erikson, ezi ngxabano zijolise ekuphuhliseni umgangatho wengqondo okanye ukungaphumeleli ukuphucula umgangatho. Ngethuba la maxesha, ubuchule bokukhula komntu buphakamileyo kodwa kunjalo nokukwazi ukungaphumeleli.
Ukuba abantu baphumelela ekujonganeni ngquzulwano, bavela kwisiteji kunye namandla angokwengqondo eya kubakhonzela ubomi babo bonke ubomi. Ukuba abahluleka ukujongana ngokuphumelelayo nale ngxabano, abanako ukuhlakulela izakhono ezibalulekileyo ezifunekayo ukuze baziqonde ngokwabo.
U-Erikson wayekholelwa ukuba ukuba nolwazi olufanelekileyo lubangela ukuziphatha kunye nezenzo. Isigaba ngasinye kwisifundo sika-Erikson sinoxanduva lokuba nolwazi kummandla wobomi. Ukuba isigaba siphethwe kakuhle, umntu uya kuziva ukuba usebenza kakuhle, ngokubhekisele ngezinye izikhathi kuthiwa yi-ego amandla okanye ubukhulu be-ego. Ukuba isigaba siphethwe kakubi, umntu uya kuvela ngokungazifaneleki kuloo mbandela yophuhliso.
I-Psychosocial Stage 1 - Trust kunye nokungathembeki
Isigaba sokuqala senkolelo ka-Erikson yentuthuko yengqondo yengqondo ivela phakathi kokuzalwa kunye nonyaka owodwa ubudala kwaye iyona nto ibalulekileyo ebomini.
Ngenxa yokuba umntwana usuxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo, ukuphuhlisa ukuthembela kusekelwe ekuthembekeni kunye nomgangatho wabanakekeli babantwana. Kulo phuhliso ekuphuhliseni, umntwana uxhomekeka ngokupheleleyo kumntu omdala onomdla kuye yonke into ayifunayo ukuze aphile kuquka nokutya, uthando, ukufudumala, ukhuseleko kunye nokunyusa.
Yonke into. Ukuba unonophelo uyakwazi ukunyamekela nokunyamekela okwaneleyo, umntwana uya kuziva ukuba akakwazi ukuthemba okanye ukuxhomekeka kubantu abadala ebomini bakhe.
Ukuba umntwana uphumelela ukuthembela, uya kuziva ekhuselekile kwaye ekhuselekileyo kwihlabathi. Abanakekeli abanokungahambelani, abanokwenyama ngokomoya, okanye ukugatya inxaxheba ekubeni bangathembeki kubantwana abangaphantsi kwabo. Ukungaphumeleli ukuphuhlisa ukuthembela kuya kubangela ukwesaba nenkolelo yokuba ihlabathi alihambelani kwaye alinganiseki.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, akukho mntwana uza kuphuhlisa iqondo leepesenti ezingama-100 okanye i-100 pesenti. U-Erikson wayekholelwa ukuba uphuhliso oluphumelelayo lwalukuphela kokutshatyalaliswa kwemilinganiselo phakathi kwamacala amabini aphikisanayo.
Xa oko kwenzeka, abantwana bafumana ithemba, oko uErikson kuchaza njengokuba uvule ukuva utyhutyhile ngenxa yokhuselo olungenzeka.
Isigaba se-Psychosocial 2 - Ukuzimela ngokumelene nokuhlambalaza kunye nokungaqiniseki
Isigaba sesibini senkolelo ka-Erikson yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kwengqondo kwenzeka ngexesha lokuqala kwasebuntwaneni kwaye igxininise kubantwana abaphuhlisa umqondo omkhulu wokulawula.
Kulo phuhliso ekuphuhlisweni, abantwana baqala ukufumana ukuzimela. Baqala ukwenza izenzo ezisisiseko ngokwabo kunye nokwenza izigqibo ezilula malunga nezinto abazikhethayo. Ngokuvumela abantwana ukuba benze ukhetho kwaye bafumane ukulawula, abazali kunye nabanakekeli banokubanceda abantwana bahlakulele umqondo wokuzimela.
NjengoFrud, u-Erikson ukholelwa ukuba uqeqesho lwangasese luyinxenye ebalulekileyo yale nkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, ukucinga kuka-Erikson kwakucace kakhulu kunokuba kuFranud. U-Erikson wayekholelwa ukuba ukufunda ukulawula imisebenzi yomzimba kubangela ukuziva ulawulo kunye nesimo sokuzimela.
Ezinye iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ziquka ukufumana ulawulo oluphezulu malunga nokukhetha ukutya, ukukhethwa kweetokethi kunye nokukhethwa kwengubo.
Abantwana abagqibeleleyo ukugqiba eli nqanaba baziziva bekhuselekile kwaye banokuzithemba, ngelixa abo bangashiyikanga bengenakuzithemba nokuzithemba. U-Erikson wayekholelwa ukuba ukufikelela emgangathweni phakathi kokuzimela kunye neentloni kunye nokungathandabuzeki kwakuya kubakho ekuthandeni, inkolelo yokuba abantwana bangenza ngenjongo, ngaphandle kwesizathu kunye nemida.
I-Psychosocial Stage 3 - Ulwalamano nokulwa
Icandelo lesithathu lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kwengqondo lwenzeka ngexesha leminyaka yokufundela.
Kule ndawo ekuphuhliseni kwengqondo, abantwana baqala ukubonisa amandla abo nokulawula ihlabathi ngokulawula umdlalo kunye nokunye ukusebenzisana kwentlalo.
Abantwana abaphumelele ngeli nqanaba banomuva onamandla kwaye banako ukukhokela abanye. Abo bangaphumeleli ukufumana ezi zakhono bashiywe benetyala, ukuzithemba, nokungabikho kwamanyathelo.
Xa kulungelelaniso olufanelekileyo lomntu ngamnye kunye nokuzimisela ukusebenza kunye nabanye kufezekiswa, ikhwalithi ye-ego eyaziwayo injongo ivela.
Isigaba se-Psychosocial Sector 4 - Amashishini kunye nokuhlaselwa
Isigaba sesine sengqondo senzeke ngexesha leminyaka yokuqala yesikolo ukususela kwiminyaka emi-5 ukuya kwe-11.
Ngokusebenzisana kwentlalo, abantwana baqala ukuhlakulela ukuzikhukhumeza kwiziphumo zabo kunye namakhono abo. Abantwana abakhuthazwayo nabanconywa ngabazali nootitshala bathuthukisa ukuvakalelwa kunye nokukholelwa kwizakhono zabo. Abo bafumana encinci okanye bengakhuthazwa ngabazali, ootitshala, okanye oontanga baya kubabaza ukuba bakwazi ukuphumelela.
Ukufumana ukulingana ngempumelelo kweli nqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kwikhokelela kumandla awaziwayo njengekhono, apho abantwana bahlakulela inkolelo yabo yokuphatha imisebenzi ebekwe phambi kwabo.
Isigaba se-Psychosocial 5 - Ubume malunga nokudideka
Isigaba sesihlanu sengqondo senzeke ngexesha lexesha elivuthiweyo. Eli nqanaba lidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni ubuni bobuqu obuza kuqhubeka nokuchaphazela ukuziphatha nokuphuhliswa kobomi bomntu.
Ngexesha lokukhula, abantwana bahlola ukuzimela kwabo kwaye bahlakulele ukuziva. Abo bafumana ukhuthazo olufanelekileyo kunye nokuqiniswa ngokuhlola ngokuzenzekelayo baya kuvela kweli nqanaba benengqiqo enamandla kunye neemvakalelo zokuzimela kunye nokulawula. Abo bahlala benganyaniseki ngeenkolelo zabo kunye neminqweno baya kuziva bekhuselekile baze badideke malunga nabo kunye nekamva.
Xa iingcali zengqondo zithetha ngesazisi, zibhekisela kuzo zonke iinkolelo, iingcamango, kunye neempawu ezikunceda ukuma nokukhokela indlela yokuziphatha komntu. Ukugqiba kweli nqanaba kukhokelela ekukholweni, oko uErikson kuchaza njengamandla okuphila ngemilinganiselo yoluntu kunye nokulindela.
Ngoxa u-Erikson wayekholelwa ukuba ibakala ngalinye lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kwengqondo kubalulekile, wabeka ingqalelo ekugxininiseni u-identity ye-ego. Ubungqina be-Ego ngumqondo wokuzichukumisa ukuba sihlakulele ngokusebenzisana kwentlalo kwaye siba ngqalelo ephambili ngexesha lolwazi ngokubhekiselele kwintlupheko yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo.
Ngokwe-Erikson, i-identity ego yethu iyatshintsha rhoqo ngenxa yamava amatsha kunye nolwazi esilutholayo ekusebenzisaneni kwethu kwansuku zonke nabanye. Njengoko sinamava amatsha, nathi sinokuthatha iingxaki ezinokukunceda okanye ukuphazamisa ukuphuhliswa kobunikazi.
Ubuni bethu bobuqu bunika ngamnye wethu umxholo odibaniseneyo kunye ohlangeneyo okhuthazelayo kubomi. Ingqiqo yethu yobuntu yinto eyenziwa ngamava kunye nokusebenzisana nabanye, kwaye ngulo lwazi olusinceda ekukhombiseni izenzo zethu, iinkolelo kunye nokuziphatha njengoko sisebenza.
Isigaba se-Psychosocial Sector 6 - Ulwalamano olunxulumene ne-Isolation
Eli nqanaba libandakanya ixesha lokudala xa abantu behlola ubudlelwane babo.
U-Erikson ukholelwa ukuba kubalulekile ukuba abantu babe nobudlelwane obusondeleyo, bobudlelwane nabanye abantu. Abo baphumelele kweli nqanaba baya kubumba ubudlelwane obukhuthazelayo nabakhuselekileyo.
Khumbula ukuba isinyathelo ngasinye sakha kwizakhono ezifunyenwe kumanyathelo angaphambili. U-Erikson wayekholelwa ukuba ulwalamano oluqinileyo lobuntu lwalubalulekile ekuphuculeni ubudlelwane obusondeleyo. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuba abo abanesimo sengqondo esilungeleyo bahlala benalo ubudlelwane obuncinci kwaye banokuba banokukhathazeka ngokwemvakalelo, banesizungu kunye nokuxinezeleka.
Isisombululo esiyimpumelelo kweli nqanaba siphumela kwisigqibo esaziwayo njengothando. Iphawulwe ngukukwazi ukudala ubudlelwane obuneliseko kunye nabanye abantu.
Isigaba se-Psychosocial Sector 7 - Ukuvelisa ngokumalunga nokuHlala
Ngethuba lomdala, siyaqhubeka nokwakha ubomi bethu, sigxile kwi-career yethu kunye nosapho.
Abo baphumelele kweli nqanaba baya kuziva ukuba begalelo kwihlabathi ngokusebenza kwiindawo zabo nakwiindawo zabo. Abo bangaphumeleli ukufumana olu buchule baya kuziva bengenakuvelisa kwaye bengenakuvulwa kwihlabathi.
Ukunyamekela kukubaluleka okufezekileyo xa eli nqanaba lijongene ngempumelelo. Ukuziqhenya ngokufezekisa kwakho, ukujonga abantwana bakho bakhula baba ngabantu abadala, kwaye ukuphucula ubunye bentsebenziswano kunye neqabane lakho lomsebenzi kubalulekile ukufezekiswa kweli nqanaba.
Isigaba se-Psychosocial Sector 8 - Intembeko kunye nokuphelelwa yithemba
Isigaba sokugqibela sengqondo senziwa ngexesha lokuguga kwaye lijolise ekubuyiseleni emuva ebomini.
Ngeli phuhliso ekuphuhliseni, abantu bakhangele emva kweziganeko zobomi babo kwaye banqume ukuba ngaba bayonwabile ngobomi abahlala kuwo okanye ukuba bayazisola ngezinto abazenzayo okanye abangazange bazenze.
Abo bangaphumeleli ngeli nqanaba baya kuziva ukuba ubomi babo buye bachitha kwaye baya kuzisola. Umntu uya kushiywa enomvandalo kunye nokuphelelwa yithemba.
Abo baziva baqhenyiswa ngempumelelo yabo baya kuvakalelwa ngqiqo. Ukugqiba ngokuphumelelayo kwesi sigaba kuthetha ukujonga emva emva kokuzisola okumbalwa kunye nokwaneliseka jikelele. Aba bantu baya kufumana ubulumko, nangona ekufeni.
Iingcali zengqondo zisesishwankathelo Isishwankathelo
Isigaba 1: Insana (ukuzalwa kweenyanga ezili-18) |
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Ulwaphulo olusisiseko: Ithemba kunye nokungathembeki Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo: Ukutya IsiPhumo: Ngethuba lokuqala lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo, abantwana bahlakulela ingqiqo xa abathengi banokwenzela ukunyaniseka, ukunyamekela nokuthanda. Ukungabi nalokhu kuya kubangela ukungathembeki. |
Isigaba sesi-2: Ubuntwana bokuqala (iminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwe-3) |
Ulwaphulo olusisiseko: Ukuzimela ngokumelene nokuhlambalaza kunye nokungaqiniseki Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo: Uqeqesho lweThoyilethi IsiPhumo: Abantwana kufuneka bahlakulele umqondo wolawulo lomntu ngokwazo kwizakhono zomzimba kunye nomoya wokuzimela. Ukuqeqeshwa kwamathambo kuthatha indima ebalulekileyo ekuncediseni abantwana ukuphucula lo mqondo wokuzimela. Abantwana abanomzabalazo kunye neentloni ngenxa yeengozi zabo bangashiywa bengenalo ulawulo lomntu. Ukuphumelela ngeli nqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kwikhokelela kwimvakalelo yokuzimela, ukungaphumeleli kubangela iintloni nokungaqiniseki. |
Isigaba sesi-3: Isikolo sokufunda esikolweni (iminyaka emi-3 ukuya kwe-5) |
Ulwaphulo olusisiseko: Ulungelelwano nokulwa Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo: Ukuhlola IsiPhumo: Abantwana kufuneka baqale ukuqinisekisa ukulawula kunye namandla phezu kwendalo. Ukuphumelela kweli nqanaba kukhokelela kwinjongo yenjongo. Abantwana abazama ukusebenzisa amandla amaninzi amaninzi angamkelwa, okwenza ukuba babe netyala. |
Isigaba: Isikolo seSikolo (iminyaka eyi-6 ukuya kwe-11) |
Ulwaphulo oluSiseko: Ushishino kunye nokuhlaselwa Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo: Isikolo Isiphumo: Abantwana kufuneka bahlangabezane neemfuno ezintsha zentlalo nezemfundo. Ukuphumelela kubangela ukuqonda, nangona ukungaphumeleli kubangela ukuba uzive ungaphantsi. |
Isigaba: Ubuntsha (iminyaka eyi-12 ukuya kwe-18) |
Ulwaphulo oluyisiseko: Ubume malunga nokudideka komsebenzi Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo: Ulwalamano loluntu Isiphumo: Intsha kufuneka ihlakulele ingqiqo yobuntu kunye nobunikazi bakho. Ukuphumelela kukukhokelela ekubeni ukwazi ukuhlala unyanisekile kuwe, ngelixa ukuphumelela kukukhokelela ekudidaneni kwendima kunye nokungazinzi ngokwabo. |
Isigaba: UbuntwabaBantu abaselula (iminyaka engama-19 ukuya kwe-40) |
Ulwaphulo olusisiseko: Ulwalamano olusondeleyo nolwe-Isolation Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo: Ubudlelwane Isiphumo: Abantu abadala abaselula kufuneka babe nobuhlobo obusondeleyo nothando nabanye abantu. Ukuphumelela kubangela ukuba ulwalamano oluqinileyo, nangona ukuphumelela kukuphumela ekubeni yedwa kunye nokodwa. |
Isigaba: I-Middle Age (iminyaka engama-40 ukuya kuma-65) |
Ulwaphulo oluSiseko: Ukuveliswa kwemvelo kunye nokuSigxina Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo: Umsebenzi kunye nabazali IsiPhumo: Abantu abadala kufuneka badale okanye bakhulise izinto eziza kubakhokelela, ngokudla ngokuba nabantwana okanye ukudala utshintsho oluhle olunceda abanye abantu. Ukuphumelela kubangela ukuvakalelwa kwintsebenzo kunye nokufezekiswa, ngelixa ukuhluleka kukuphumela ekubandakanyekeni okungathí sina kwihlabathi. |
Isigaba: Ukukhula (65 ukuya ekufeni) |
Ulwaphulo oluSiseko: U- Integrity Ego kunye nokuphelelwa lithemba Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo: Ukucamngca ngobomi Isiphumo: Inkolelo ka-Erikson yahluke kwabanye abaninzi kuba ibhekiselele uphuhliso kulo lonke ixesha lokuphila, kuquka ukuguga. Abantu abadala kufuneka bakhangele emuva ebomini baze bazive bengeneliseko. Impumelelo kweli nqanaba ikhokelela kwiimvakalelo zobulumko, ngoxa ukuhluleka kudala ukuzisola, ukrakra, nokuphelelwa lithemba. Kule nqanaba, abantu bayabuyela emva kweziganeko zobomi babo baze bathabathe. Abo bajonga emva kobubomi abaziva bephila ngokuqinisekileyo baya kuziva banelisekile kwaye bekulungele ukujamelana nokuphela kobomi babo ngengqondo yoxolo. Abo bajonga emva baze bazive bezisola kunoko bayothuka kukuba ubomi babo buya kuphela ngaphandle kokufezekisa izinto abazivakalelwa kukuba babefanele. |
ILizwi
Ingcamango ka-Erikson nayo inokulinganiselwa kwayo kunye nokugxeka. Ziziphi iintlobo ezifunekayo zokugqiba ngempumelelo isigaba ngasinye? Umntu usuka njani kwisigaba esinye ukuya kwesilandelayo? Ubuthakathaka obuninzi beengqondo zengqondo kukuba iindlela ezichanekileyo zokusombulula iingxabano kunye nokuhamba ukusuka kwelinye iqanaba ukuya ezilandelayo azichazwe kakuhle okanye ziphuhliswe kakuhle. Iingcamango zihluleka iinkcukacha ngokuthe ngqo ukuba zeziphi na amava afunekayo kwinqanaba ngalinye ukuze uphendule ngempumelelo iimpikiswano kwaye uhambe kwinqanaba elilandelayo.
Enye yamandla enkcazo yengqondo yukuthi inika isiseko esibanzi apho siza kujonga uphuhliso kulo lonke ixesha lokuphila. Kwakhona kusenza sikwazi ukugxininisa imeko yentlalo yabantu kunye nempembelelo ebalulekileyo ukuba ubudlelwane boluntu luphuhliso.
Abaphandi bafumene ubungqina obuxhasa iingcamango zika-Erikson malunga nobungqina kwaye baye bafumanisa kwakhona amanqanaba amancinci athile olwazisi. Olunye uphando lubonisa ukuba abantu abakha ubungqina obuqinileyo bokwiminyaka ebusheni bangcono ukwenza ubudlelwane obusondeleyo xa bekhulile.
> Imithombo:
> Erikson, EH Ubuntwaneni kunye noMbutho . (I-2nd ed.). ENew York: Norton; 1993.
> Erikson, EH & Erikson, JM. Ubomi boBomi bugqityiwe. ENew York: Norton; 1998.
> Carver, CS & Scheir, MF. Iimpembelelo zobuntu . Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon; 2011.