Imvelaphi kunye neNtsingiselo ephambili ye-Theory of Piaget
Ingcamango kaJean Piaget yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kucacisa ukuba abantwana bahamba ngeendlela ezihlukeneyo zokuphuhliswa kwengqondo. Ingcamango yakhe ayijolise kuphela ekuqondeni indlela abantwana abafumana ngayo ulwazi, kodwa nokuqonda ukuba uhlobo lweengcaphephe. Izigaba zePiaget zi:
- Isigaba sensorimotor: ukuzalwa ukuya kwiminyaka emi-2
- Isigaba sokulungelelanisa: iminyaka emi-2 ukuya kwi-7
- Isigaba sokusebenza sekhonkco: iminyaka engama-7 kuya kwe-11
- Isigaba sokusebenza esisemthethweni: iminyaka eyi-12 nangaphezulu
UPiaget wayekholelwa ukuba abantwana bathatha inxaxheba ebonakalayo kwinkqubo yokufunda, benza izinto ezinjengezenzululwazi ezincinci njengoko benza iimvavanyo, baqwalasele, bafunde ngehlabathi. Njengoko abantwana besebenzisana nehlabathi elibangqongileyo, baqhubeka bongeza ulwazi olutsha, bakhe phezu kolwazi olukhoyo, kwaye bajonge iingcamango zangaphambili ezabanjelwe ukufumana ulwazi olutsha.
I-Piaget yavelisa njani inkolelo yakhe?
UPiaget wazalelwa eSwitzerland ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1800 kwaye wayengumfundi onobuqili, epapashe iphepha lakhe lokuqala lenzululwazi xa wayeseneminyaka eli-11 ubudala. Ukuboniswa kwakhe kwangoko ekuphuculweni kwengqondo kwabantwana beza xa esebenza njengomncedisi u- Alfred Binet kunye noTheodore Simon njengoko basebenze ukulungelelanisa uvavanyo lwabo oludumileyo lwe- IQ .
Ininzi yePiaget inomdla ekuphuculweni kwengqondo yabantwana yayiphefumlelwe ngumbono wakhe nomntakwabo. Ezi mbono zomeleza iingcamango zakhe zokuthi iingqondo zabantwana azikho nje iinguqu zincinci zabantu abadala.
Kuze kube yile ngongoma kwimbali, abantwana bebaninzi baphathwa nje ngeenguqu ezincinci zabantu abadala. UPiaget wayengowokuqala ukufumanisa ukuba indlela abantwana bacinga ngayo eyahlukileyo kwindlela abantu abadala bacinga ngayo.
Esikhundleni salokho, wacetyiswa, ulwaphulo-mhlaba luyinto ekhula kwaye iqhutywe ngoluhlu lwamanqanaba.
Abantwana abakhulileyo abakucingi nje ngokukhawuleza kunabantwana abaselula, wacetyiswa. Kunoko, kukho ukungqinelana kokubaluleka kunye nokulinganisa phakathi kokucinga kwabantwana abancinane kubantwana abadala.
Ngokusekelwe ekuqwalaselweni kwakhe, wagqiba ekubeni abantwana babengabalulekanga kunabantu abadala, bacinga ngokungafaniyo. UAlbert Einstein wabiza ukufumanisa kukaPiaget "elula nje kuphela ingqiqo eyayingacinga ngayo."
Iingcamango zesigaba sePiaget zichaza ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo kubantwana. Ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo kubandakanya utshintsho kwinkqubo yokuqonda kunye nekhono. Ngombono kaPiaget, ukuphuhliswa kokuqala kwengqondo kubandakanye iinkqubo ezisekelwe kwizenzo kwaye kamva kuqhubela phambili utshintsho kwimisebenzi yengqondo.
Ukujonga kwiSigaba sePiaget soPhuhliso lweCognitive
Ngokujonga kwakhe abantwana bakhe, uPiaget wavelisa i-theory ye-intuthuko yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo eyayinezigaba ezine ezihlukeneyo:
I Sensorimotor Stage
Aminyaka: Ukuzalwa ukuya kwiminyaka emi-2
Iimpawu eziPhambili kunye noTshintsho loPhuhliso:
- Iintsana ziyazi ihlabathi ngokuhamba kwazo kunye nemizwa.
- Abantwana bafunda ngehlabathi ngezenzo ezisisiseko ezifana nokutshiza, ukuqonda, ukujonga, nokuphulaphula.
- Iintsana zifunda ukuba izinto ziyaqhubeka zikhona nakuba zingabonakali (into ehlala isigxina).
- Zizinto ezihlukeneyo kubantu kunye nezinto ezizungezile.
- Bayaqonda ukuba izenzo zabo zenza ukuba izinto zenzeke kwihlabathi elibajikelezile.
Ngelo xesha lokuqala lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo, iintsana kunye nabantwana baselula bafumana ulwazi ngokusebenzisa amava kunye nokuphatha izinto. Amava onke omntwana kwithuba lokuqala kweli nqanaba lwenzeka ngeengcamango ezisisiseko, iingqondo kunye nezimpendulo zeemoto.
Ngethuba lesigaba sokuqala sokuba abantwana baphumelele ngexesha lokukhula okuphawulekayo nokufunda. Njengoko abantwana badibanisa neendawo zabo, baqhubeka befumana ezintsha ezintsha malunga nendlela umhlaba usebenza ngayo.
Ukuphuhliswa kwengqiqo eyenzeka ngeli xesha kuqhutyelwa ixesha elifutshane kwaye liquka ukukhula okukhulu. Abantwana abafundanga nje ukuba benze izinto ezinjengokwenyuka nokuhamba, bafunda kakhulu malunga nolwimi oluvela kubantu abasebenzisana nabo. UPiaget waqhekeza eli nqanaba ukuya kwiqela leendidi ezahlukeneyo. Ngethuba lesigxina sokugqibela kwinqanaba lokujonga ukuba imbonakalo yokuqala yokumelwa.
UPiaget wayekholelwa ukuba ukuphuhlisa into yokuhlala isigxina okanye into eqhubekayo, ukuqonda ukuba izinto ziyaqhubeka zikhona nangona zingabonakali, yinto ebalulekileyo kule ndawo yophuhliso. Ngokufunda ukuba izinto zihlukeneyo kwaye zihlukeneyo kunye nokuba zikhona zazo ngaphandle kombono ngamnye, abantwana banako ukuqala ukufakela amagama kunye namagama kwizinto.
Isigaba sokuSebenza
Iiminyaka: iminyaka emi-2 kuya kwe-7
Iimpawu eziPhambili kunye noTshintsho loPhuhliso:
- Abantwana baqala ukucinga ngokufuziselayo kwaye bafunde ukusebenzisa amagama nemifanekiso ukumela izinto.
- Abantwana kweli nqanaba banomdla wokuzimela kunye nokuzabalazela ukubona izinto ngendlela yabanye.
- Nangona bephucula ngolwimi kunye nokucinga, bahlala becinga ukucinga ngezinto ezithe ngqo.
Iziseko zentuthuko yolwimi zinokubekwa kwixesha elidlulileyo, kodwa ukuvela kolwimi lenye yezona zimbonakaliso eziphambili zesigaba sokuqala sokuphuhliswa. Abantwana banamakhono amaninzi ekwenzeni ukudlala ngeli nqanaba lophuhliso, kodwa basacinga ngokucacileyo malunga nehlabathi elibangqongileyo.
Kule nqanaba, abantwana bafunda ngokudlala njengeliso kodwa baqhubeka bekulwela ingcamango baze bathathe ingcamango yabanye abantu. Kananjalo bahlala bejamelana nokuqonda ingcamango yokuqhubeka.
Ngokomzekelo, umphandi angathabatha inqwaba yedongwe, ahlule zibe ziqwenga ezimbini, aze anike umntwana ithuba lokuzikhethela phakathi kwezidongwe ezimbini zokudlala. Elinye iqela lobumba lithengiswa kwibhola ye-compact ngelixa elinye litshitshiswa kwi-pancake shape shape. Ekubeni isimo esicatyekile sibukeka sikhulu, umntwana oqhekezayo uya kukhetha loo nto nakuba iziqatyana zombini zifana nobukhulu obufanayo.
I-Concrete Operational Stage
Iiminyaka: iminyaka emi-7 kuya kwe-11
Iimpawu eziPhambili kunye neenguqu zoPhuhliso
- Ngeli nqanaba, abantwana baqala ukucinga ngokuchanekileyo malunga neziganeko eziphathekayo.
- Baqala ukuqonda imbono yolondolozo; ukuba inani lemali kwindawo encinci, ephakamileyo indebe lilingana naloo kwilali ende, i-skinny, umzekelo.
- Ingcamango yabo iba neengqiqo kwaye iqulethe, kodwa isakhonkco.
- Abantwana baqala ukusebenzisa ingqiqo yokukhupha, okanye ukuqiqa kwiinkcukacha ezithile kumgaqo jikelele.
Nangona abantwana bebanokonakala kwaye banokwenene ekucingeni kwabo ngolu phuhliso kuphuhliso, baqonda ngakumbi xa besetyenziselwa ingqiqo. I-egocentrism yesigaba esingaphambili iqala ukutshabalaka njengoko abantwana bebe ngcono xa becinga ngendlela abanye abantu abanokujonga ngayo imeko.
Nangona ukucinga kubonakala kunengqiqo ngexesha lokusebenza kwekhonkrithi, lingaba lukhuni kakhulu. Abantwana kule ndawo ekuphuhliseni badla ukulwa nemibono engacacanga kunye neengcinga.
Ngeli nqanaba, abantwana banokuba ngabantwana abangaphantsi kwaye baqala ukucinga ngendlela abanye abantu abanokucinga ngayo nokuvakalelwa ngayo. Abantwana kwisigaba sokusebenza sekhonkrithi baqala ukuqonda ukuba iingcamango zabo zihlukile kubo kwaye akubona bonke abantu abazahlula iingcamango zabo, iimvakalelo zabo kunye nezimvo zabo.
IsiGqeba sokuSebenza esisesikweni
Ama-Age: 12 no-Up
Iimpawu eziPhambili kunye noTshintsho loPhuhliso:
- Kule nqanaba, umntwana osemtsha okanye umntu osemtsha uqala ukucinga ngokucacileyo kunye nokuqiqa ngeengxaki zokucinga.
- Ukucinga okubonakalayo kuvela.
- Intsha iqala ukucinga ngakumbi malunga nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha, yefilosofi, yokuziphatha, yezentlalo kunye nezopolitiko ezifuna iingcamango ezingabonakaliyo.
- Qalisa ukusebenzisa ingqiqo yokunciphisa, okanye ukucinga ukusuka kumgaqo jikelele ukuya kwingcaciso ethile.
Inqanaba lokugqibela leengcamango zikaPiaget lubandakanya ukunyuka kweengcamango, ukukwazi ukusebenzisa ingqiqo yokunciphisa, kunye nokuqonda iingcamango ezingabonakaliyo. Kule nkalo, abantu banokukwazi ukubona izixazululo ezininzi kwiingxaki kwaye bacinge ngakumbi ngezesayensi malunga nehlabathi elibangqongileyo.
Ukukwazi ukucinga ngeengcamango ezingabonakaliyo kunye neemeko ziyinqaku eliphambili lomgangatho osebenza ngokusemthethweni wokuphuhliswa kwengqondo. Ubuchule bokucwangcisa ngokufanelekileyo ikusasa kunye nesizathu malunga neemeko ezixhomekeke kumbango nazo zibuchule obalulekileyo obukhulayo ngeli nqanaba.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba uPiaget akazange abukele ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo yabantwana njengenkqubo yobungakanani; oko kukuthi, abantwana abakongeza nje ulwazi oluthe xaxa nolwazi ngolwazi lwabo olukhoyo njengoko bekhula. Kunoko, uPiaget uphakamise ukuba kukho utshintsho olulungileyo kwindlela abantwana bacinga ngayo ngokuthe ngcembe bacwangcise ngokusebenzisa ezi zigaba ezine. Umntwana oneminyaka engama-7 akagcini nje ngolwazi oluninzi malunga nehlabathi kunokuba wenza eminyakeni engama-2; kukho utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwindlela acinga ngayo ngehlabathi.
Iingcamango ezibalulekileyo kuPhuhliso lweCognitive
Ukuqonda kangcono ezinye zezinto ezenzeka ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo, kubalulekile kuqala ukuhlola ezimbalwa iingcamango ezibalulekileyo kunye neengqiqo ezivezwe yiPiaget.
Ezi zilandelayo zizinto ezichaphazela ukuba abantwana bafunde njani kwaye bakhule:
I-schema ichaza zombini izenzo ezengqondo nezomzimba ezibandakanyekayo ekuqondeni nasekuzinikeleni. I-Schemas zizintlu zolwazi ezisinceda ukutolika nokuqonda ihlabathi.
Ngombono kaPiaget, i-schema ibandakanya zombini uluhlu wolwazi kunye nenkqubo yokufumana olo lwazi. Njengoko kwenzekayo amava, le ngcaciso entsha isetyenziselwa ukuguqula, ukudibanisa, okanye utshintshe iimpawu ezikhoyo zangaphambili.
Umzekelo, umntwana unokuba ne-schema malunga nohlobo lwesilwanyana, njengenja. Ukuba umntwana onamava ayenayo inja encinane, umntwana unokukholelwa ukuba zonke izinja zincinci, ziboya, kwaye zinemilenze emine. Masithi ke loo mntwana uhlangana nenja enkulu. Umntwana uzakuthatha olu lwazi olutsha, ukuguqula i-schema ekhoyo ngaphambili ukubandakanya ezi mboniso ezintsha.
Inkqubo yokuthabatha ulwazi olutsha kwiimpawu zethu ezikhoyo sele ziyaziwa njenge-assimilation. Le nkqubo inengqiqo ngenxa yokuba sithatha ukuguqula amava kunye nolwazi ukuba luhambelane neenkolelo zethu. Kulo mzekelo ukhankanywe ngentla, ubona inja kwaye uyibiza ngokuthi "inja" yimeko yokubambisa isilwanyana kwi-dog schema.
Enye inxalenye yokulungelelanisa iquka ukutshintsha okanye ukutshintsha iiskimu zethu ezikhoyo ngokukhanya kolwazi olutsha, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi yokuhlala. Indawo yokuhlala iquka ukuguqula iistim ekhoyo, okanye iingcamango, ngenxa yolwazi olutsha okanye amava amatsha. Iimpawu ezintsha zingaphinde zaphuhliswa kule nkqubo.
Ukulingana
UPiaget wayekholelwa ukuba bonke abantwana bazama ukubetha umlinganiselo phakathi kokufana nokuhlala, okufezekiswa ngendlela eyenziwa nguPiaget ebizwa ngokuba ngumlinganiso. Njengoko abantwana baqhubela phambili kumanyathelo okuphuhliswa kwengqondo, kubalulekile ukugcina umlinganiselo phakathi kokusebenzisa ulwazi lwangaphambili (ukufana) nokuguqula ukuziphatha kwiakhawunti yolwazi (indawo yokuhlala). Ukulingana kunceda ukuchaza indlela abantwana abanokuhamba ngayo ukusuka kwinqanaba elinye leengcamango ukuya kwelinye elilandelayo.
ILizwi
Enye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ukukhumbuza inkolelo kaPiaget kukuba kuthatha umbono wokuthi ukudala ulwazi nolwazi luyimpumelelo.
"Ndibona ndichasene nombono wolwazi njengekopi engokoqobo," uPiaget wachaza. "Ndiyakholelwa ukuba ukuqonda into kuthetha ukusebenzisana naso, ukwakha iinkqubo zokuguqulwa ezinokuthi zenzeke okanye nale nto. Ukuqonda okwenyaniso kuthetha ukwakhiwa kweenkqubo zokuguqulwa ezihambelanayo, ezingaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi ngokwaneleyo, ukuba zenzeke."
Inkolelo kaPiaget yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yandinceda ekwandiseni ukuqonda kwethu ukukhula kwengqondo kwabantwana. Kwakhona wagxininisa ukuba abantwana babengabamkeli nje ulwazi. Kunoko, abantwana bahlala bephanda kwaye bazama njengoko bakha ukuqonda kwabo indlela umhlaba usebenza ngayo.
> Imithombo:
> Ukuxhoma, uR & Rutherford, A. AbaPhayona beNzululwazi: Imbali. ENew York: WW Norton; 2012.
> Santrock, JW. Indlela yokuThuthukisa ukuThuthukiswa kokuPhila (8th.). ENew York: i-McGraw-Hill; 2016.
> Piaget, J. The Essential Piaget. Gruber, HE; Voneche, JJ. eds. ENew York: iiNcwadi eziSiseko; 1977.