I-Structural Model of Personality
Ngokutsho kukaSigmund Freud , ubuntu bomntu bunzima kwaye bunamalungu amaninzi. Kwimbali yakhe eyaziwayo ye-psychoanalytic yobuntu, ubuntu bunamalungu amathathu. Ezi zinto zintathu zobuntu-ezaziwa ngokuba yi-id, i-ego, kunye ne-superego-basebenzisana kunye nokwenza iimpawu zabantu ezinzima.
Icandelo ngalinye alinakongeza kuphela igalelo layo elilodwa kumntu, kodwa zonke izinto ezintathu zisebenzisana ngeendlela ezinempembelelo enamandla kumntu ngamnye.
Ngalunye lwezi zinto zintathu zobuntu zivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ebomini.
Ngokutsho kwengcamango kaFrud, iinkalo ezithile zobuntu bakho zibaluleke kakhulu kwaye zinokunyanzelisa ukuba usebenze kwiimfuno zakho ezisisiseko. Ezinye iindawo zobuntu bakho zisebenza ukulwa nezi zikhutshu kwaye zizame ukwenza ukuba uhambelane neemfuno zeqiniso.
Jonga ngokubhekisele kwizinto eziphambili zobuntu, indlela abasebenza ngayo ngabanye, kunye nendlela abadibana ngayo.
I-Id
- I-id yodwa yecandelo lobuntu obukhoyo ukusuka ekuzalweni.
- Lo mbandela wobuntu awukwazi ngokupheleleyo kwaye uquka ukuziphatha okusemgangathweni nokuqala.
- NgokukaFreud, i-id iyona mthombo wayo wonke amandla angqondo, okwenza kube yinto ebalulekileyo yobuntu.
I-id iqhutywe ngumgaqo wokuzonwabisa , ozama ukuthotywa ngokukhawuleza kwayo yonke iminqweno, iimfuno kunye neemfuno. Ukuba ezi zidingo azikwaneliseki ngokukhawuleza, umphumo kukuxhalabisa kwimeko okanye uxhatshazo.
Ngokomzekelo, ukwanda kwendlala okanye ukoma kufuneka kuvelise umzamo wokutya okanye ukusela.
I-ID ibaluleke kakhulu ebusweni ebomini, kuba iqinisekisa ukuba iimfuno zeintsana zidibene. Ukuba usana lulambile okanye lukhululekile, uya kukhwaza aze afune izidingo ze-ID. Ngenxa yokuba iintsana ezincinane zilawulwa ngokupheleleyo yi-id, akukho nto iqiqa ngazo xa ezi zifunwa zifuna ukwaneliseka.
Khawucinge ucinge ukuzama ukukholisa umntwana ukuba alinde kuze kube semini ukuze adle isidlo sakhe. Esikhundleni salokho, id idinga ukwaneliseka kwangoku, kwaye ngenxa yokuba ezinye izakhi zobuntu zingekafiki, umntwana uya kulila ade ezi zidingo zizaliseke.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuzalisekisa ngokukhawuleza le mfuno akusoloko ichanekile okanye inokwenzeka. Ukuba sasilawulwa ngokupheleleyo ngumgaqo wokuzonwabisa, sinokuzifumana sizibamba izinto esizifunayo kwabanye abantu ukuze zanelise izifiso zethu.
Olu hlobo lokuziphatha luya kuba luphazamisayo kwaye aluvumelekanga kuluntu. NgokukaFreud, i-id izama ukuxazulula ukuxhatshazwa okudalwa ngumgaqo wokuzonwabisa ngenkqubo ephambili, ebandakanya ukudala umfanekiso wengqondo yento efunwayo njengendlela yokwanelisa imfuno.
Nangona abantu ekugqibeleni bafunda ukulawula i-id, le nxalenye yobuntu ihlala yinto efanayo, inamandla onke ebomini. Kukuphuhliswa kwe-ego kunye ne-superego evumela abantu ukuba balawule i-id's instincts ezisisiseko kwaye benze ngendlela eyanelisayo kunye noluntu olwamkelekileyo.
Ego
- I-ego yinkalo yobuntu obujongene nokujongana nenyaniso.
- NgokukaFrud, i-ego ivela kwi-id kwaye iqinisekisa ukuba iimpembelelo ze-id zingabonakaliswa ngendlela eyamkelekileyo kwihlabathi lenene.
- I-ego isebenza kwintliziyo yomntu owaziyo , engqondweni , nangengqondo.
I-ego isebenza ngokusekelwe kumgaqo wokwenene , ozama ukuwanelisa iimfuno ze-id kwiindlela ezichanekileyo nezentlalo. Umgaqo wokwenene uphawula iindleko kunye neenzuzo zesenzo ngaphambi kokuthatha isigqibo sokuthatha okanye ukushiya impembelelo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, iimvakalelo ze-id zinganeliswa yinkqubo yokulibazisa ukuxhaswa-i- ego ekugqibeleni izakuvumela ukuziphatha, kodwa ngexesha elifanelekileyo nendawo.
UFrud uqhathanisa id kunye nehashe kunye ne-ego kumgibeli wehashe. Ihashe linikeza amandla kunye nenkqubela, kodwa umkhweli unika isikhokelo kunye nesikhokelo.
Ngaphandle komgibeli walo, ihashe linokuthi lihambe apho lifuna khona kwaye lenze konke okulungileyo. Umgibeli kunokuba unike iikhompi zehashe kunye nemiyalelo yokuyikhokela kwinqanaba elinqwenela ukuya kuyo.
I-ego iphinda ikhuphe ukuxhatshazwa okudalwe yimpembelelo engagqibekanga kwinkqubo yesibini , apho i-ego izama ukufumana into ekhoyo ngokwenene efana nomfanekiso wengqondo owenziwe yinkqubo ephambili ye-id.
Ngokomzekelo, cinga ukuba unamathele kwintlanganiso ende emsebenzini. Uyazifumana ukhula ulambile njengoko intlanganiso iqhubela phambili. Ngoxa i-id iyakunyanzela ukuba ugxume ephakamileyo kwisihlalo sakho kwaye usukele ekhayeni lokuphumla, u-ego ukhokhelele ukuba uhlale ngokuthula kwaye ulindele ukuba intlanganiso iphele. Esikhundleni sokusebenza kwiimfuno eziyintloko ze-id, uchitha yonke intlanganiso ucinga ukuba udla isidlo sase-cheeseburger. Emva kokuba intlanganiso iphelile, unokufuna into ocinga ngayo kwaye ukwanelisa iimfuno ze-ID ngendlela echanekileyo nefanelekileyo.
I Superego
Icandelo lokugqibela lobuntu ukuphuhlisa yi -superego .
- I-superego yinkalo yobuntu obambe yonke imilinganiselo yokuziphatha yangaphakathi ngaphakathi kunye neminqweno esiyifumana kubazali kunye noluntu-ukuqonda kwethu okulungileyo nokungalunganga.
- I-superego inikeza izikhokelo zokwenza izigwebo.
- NgokukaFreud, i-superego iqala ukuvela kwi-5 yobudala.
Kukho iinxalenye ezimbini ze-superego:
- I-ego efanelekileyo ifaka imithetho nemigangatho yokuziphatha kakuhle. Ezi ziphatha ziquka ezo zivunyiwe ngabazali nakwamanye amaninzi amagunya. Ukuthobela le mithetho kubangela ukuzikhukhumeza, ukubaluleka kunye nokufezekiswa.
- Isazela siquka ulwazi malunga nezinto ezibhekwa njengezibi ngabazali nakubantu. Ezi zihlandlo zivame ukuvunyelwa kwaye zikhokelela kwimiphumo emibi, izijeziso, okanye iimvakalelo zetyala kunye nokuzisola.
I-superego yenza okugqibeleleyo kwaye ihlaziye ukuziphatha kwethu. Kusebenza ukunqanda zonke izibongozo ezingamkelekanga ze-id kunye neengxaki zokwenza i-ego isetyenziswe kwimigangatho yenkalo kunokuba kwimigaqo eyiyo. I-superego ikhona kwi-consciousness, ingenangqondo, kwaye ingazi.
Ukusebenzisana kwe-Id, Ego, ne-Superego
Xa uthetha nge-id, i-ego, kunye ne-superego, kubalulekile ukukhumbuza ukuba ezi zinto azikho izinto ezintathu ezihlukileyo ngokupheleleyo eziyimida ecacileyo. Le miba yobuntu iyenzayo kwaye ihlala idibanisa ngaphakathi komntu ukuchaphazela ubuntu bomntu kunye nokuziphatha kwayo.
Ngemiba eninzi yokukhuphisana, kulula ukubona indlela ukungqubana kungavela ngayo phakathi kwe-id, ego, kunye ne-superego. UFrud wasebenzisa i-term ego amandla ukubhekisela kwi-ego ukukwazi ukusebenza nangona kunjalo. Umntu onamandla amandla ego uyakwazi ukulawula ngokufanelekileyo le ngcinezelo, ngelixa abo banamandla amaninzi okanye amancinci angabonakali okanye bangaphazamisekanga.
Yintoni eyenzekayo Ukuba kukho ukungalingani?
NgokukaFreud, intloko ebuntwini obuphilileyo ibhalansi phakathi kwe-ID, i-ego, kunye ne-superego.
Ukuba i-ego iyakwazi ukulinganisela ngokwaneleyo phakathi kweemfuno zeqiniso, i-id, kunye ne-superego, ubuntu obunempilo nolungelelanisiweyo buvela. UFrud wayekholelwa ukuba ukungalingani phakathi kwezi zinto kuya kubangela ukuba umntu ahlawule. Umntu one-ID ebaluleke kakhulu, umzekelo, unokuba nomngqumbo, ongalawulwayo, okanye ulwaphulo-mthetho. Lo mntu usebenza kwiingcebiso zakhe ezisisiseko ngokungakhathazeki ukuba ngaba ukuziphatha kuyafaneleka, kuyamkeleka okanye kumthetho.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-supererego ephezulu kakhulu, inokukhokelela kubuntu obunzima kakhulu kwaye mhlawumbi ukugweba. Lo mntu usenokungakwazi ukufumana nantoni na okanye nabani na onokuyibona "kubi" okanye "ukuziphatha okubi."
I-ego ephezulu kakhulu ingabangela iingxaki. Umntu onalo hlobo lobuntu unokubambisana ngokunyanisekileyo, imithetho, kunye nokufaneleka ukuba abakwazi ukubandakanya nayiphi na uhlobo lokuziphatha okungazenzisiyo okanye okungalindelekanga. Lo mntu ungabonakala ekhonkco kwaye engqongqo, engakwazi ukufumana utshintsho kwaye engenakho ingqondo yangaphakathi yokungalunganga.
ILizwi
Inkolelo kaFrud inikeza enye indlela yokuqonda indlela ubuntu ehlelwe ngayo nendlela ezi zinto zihlukene ngayo zobuntu. Ngombono kaFreud, ubuntu obunempilo bubangelwa kwimilinganiselo ekusebenzisaneni okunamandla kwe-id, ego, kunye ne-superego.
Nangona i-ego inomsebenzi onzima ukuyenza, akufanele usebenze yodwa. Ukuxhalabisa kudlala indima ekuncedeni ukuhlalisana phakathi kweemfuno zezibongozo ezisisiseko, iimpawu zokuziphatha kunye nehlabathi langempela. Xa ufumana iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuxhalabisa, iindlela zokukhusela zinganqabela ukukhusela i-ego kwaye unciphise uxhalaba ovakalelwa ngalo.
> Imithombo
> I-Carducci, B. I-psychology yobuntu: Iimbono, uphando kunye nezicelo . John Wiley & Son; 2009.
> Engler, B. Imibono yabantu . Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing; 2009.