Iingcamango Ngendlela Amanqaku Afhukumisa ngayo Ukuziphatha
Yintoni ekhuthaza ukuziphatha? Ngaba indlela esiziphatha ngayo into esizalelwe ngayo, okanye ingaba kukho into eqhubekayo njengoko sikhula kwaye ngenxa yamava esinalo? Ngubuphi ubungqina obuxhasa isiseko sokhuthazo?
Inkolelo ye-Instinct of Motivation: Inkcazo
Ngokweengcamango zesayensi zokhuthazo , zonke izinto eziphilayo zizalwe ngeendlela ezingenangqondo zezinto eziphilayo ezibanceda baphile.
Le ngcamango ibonisa ukuba izilwanyana ziqhuba zonke izinto zokuziphatha.
Ngoko yintoni imvelo? Izifundo zijoliswe kwiinjongo ezijoliswe kuzo kunye neendlela ezingenangqiqo zokuziphatha ezingekho umphumo wokufunda okanye amava. Ngokomzekelo, iintsana zine-reflex engumntwana oza kuzalwa zibanceda bafune ingonyama baze bafumane ukutya, ngelixa iintaka zinesidingo saso sokwakha isidleke okanye ukufudukela ebusika. Zomibini zezi ziphatha zivela ngokwemvelo kwaye zizenzekelayo. Akudingeki ukuba zifundwe ukuze ziboniswe.
Ukujonga ngakumbi kwiiNkcazo
Kwizilwanyana, izilwanyana zithandana nokuzibandakanya ngokukhawuleza kwindlela ethile yokuziphatha. Imizekelo yale nto ibandakanya inja ingcazela emva kokuba ithambile, i-tortle yolwandle ifuna ulwandle emva kokuqhaqhaqhazela, okanye intaka ihambela ngaphambi kwexesha lebusika.
I-Ethologist uKonrad Lorenz wayibonakalisa ngokugqithiseleyo amandla omoya xa wayekwazi ukufumana ihansikazi ukuba iguqulele kuye.
Wayechaza ukuba iigesi ziza kuqhotyoshelana nezinto ezihamba phambili eziye zahlangana nazo emva kokuba zitshitshisiwe, ezona zihlandlo ezininzi ziza kuba ngunina. Nangona kunjalo, ngokuqinisekisa ukuba wayeyinto yokuqala ehamba ngayo iigesi, endaweni yoko yaqhotyoshelwanga, okanye yanyatheliswa kuye.
Kubantu, ezininzi iingcamango ziyimimiselo yokuziphatha okusemgangathweni.
I-reflex ye-rooting, njengoko kuchazwe ngasentla ngumnye umzekelo onjalo, njengokuba i-reflex esondayo (i-reflex apho iintsana ziqala ukutshatya xa umunwe okanye intshontsho ibeka uxinzelelo eluphahleni lomlomo wabo) iinyanga ezingaphantsi kwe-6 ubudala) kunye ne-Babkin reflex (i-reflex apho iintsana zivula imilomo yazo kwaye ziguqule iingalo zabo ngokuphendula izigqoko zezandla zabo.) Iintsana zibonisa ukuphendulwa kwezinto ezizenzekelayo xa zijongene nezimo zendalo. Umzekelo, ukuxubha isama somntwana kuya kwenza umntwana aphendule intloko yakhe aze afune ingono.
Imbali emfutshane ye-Instinct Theory of Motivation
Iingcali zeengqondo uWilliam McDougall wayengomnye wabokuqala ukubhala ngeengcamango zesimo sokukhuthaza. Wacetyisa ukuba ukuziphatha okusemgangathweni kwenziwe ngezinto ezintathu ezibalulekileyo: imbono, ukuziphatha, kunye nemvakalelo. Wabuye wabonisa izilwanyana ezili-18 ezahlukahlukeneyo ezibandakanya inzululwazi, isisulu somama, ukuhleka, induduzo, isondo, kunye nendlala.
Ingqondo yengqondo uSigmund Freud wasebenzisa umboniso obanzi wokukhuthazwa kwaye waphakamisa ukuziphatha komntu kwaqhutyelwa yimibutho ebalulekileyo: ubomi kunye nokufa kwabantu . Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uWilliam James , wachaza inani lezityalo ezikholelwa ukuba zibalulekile ukuze zisinde.
Ezi zinto ziquka izinto ezinjengokwesaba, umsindo, uthando, intloni kunye nococeko.
Imiba malunga neNkcazelo ye-Instinct
Iingcamango zesayensi zibonisa ukuba ukukhuthazwa kubaluleke ngokusekelwe kwizinto eziphilayo. Senza izinto ezithile ngenxa yokuncedisa ekusindeni. Ukufuduka ngaphambi kobusika kuqinisekisa ukunyameka komhlambi, ngoko ukuziphatha kuye kwaba yinto engafanelekanga. Izinyoni ezifudukelayo zazingenako ukuba ziphile kwaye ngoko ke zinokwenzeka ukuba zikwazi ukugqithisa izizukulwane zazo kwizizukulwana ezizayo.
Ngoko yintoni efanelekileyo ngokufanelekileyo njengemvelo? Kwincwadi yakhe ethi Exploring Psychology , umlobi uDavid G. Meyers ucebisa ukuba ukuze kuchongwe njengemvelo, ukuziphatha "kufuneka kube nomzekelo othe ngqo kwiintlobo zezilwanyana kwaye ungafundanga."
Ngamanye amazwi, ukuziphatha kufuneka kwenzeke ngokwemvelo nangokuzenzekelayo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ngokomzekelo, iintsana zine-reflex rooting reflex ebenza ukuba bangene kwiingcambu baze bancede. Oku kuziphatha akufundanga kwaye kwenzeka ngokwemvelo kuzo zonke iintsana zabantu.
Oogqirha bahlala bekhangele ukungabikho kweengcamango ezinjalo zendalo ukuze bafumane iingxaki zentuthuko.
Iingcamango ze-Instinct Theory
Nangona i-theory ingasetyenziselwa ukucacisa ukuziphatha okuthile, abagxeki banomuva wokuthi kunemida ethile ebalulekileyo. Phakathi kwezi zigxeko:
- Izifundo azikwazi ukuchaza zonke iimpawu
- Izidalwa azikho into engabonwa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuhlolwa kwezesayensi
- Ukutshekisha nje into nje njengesiko akukho nto ichaza ukuba kutheni ukuziphatha okuthile kubonakala kwiimeko ezithile kodwa kungekhona kwabanye
Ngaphantsi kweNkcazelo yeNkcazelo
Nangona kukho ukugxekwa kwemfundiso yendalo, oku akuthethi ukuba izazi zengqondo ziye zayeka ukuzama ukuqonda indlela izilwanyana ezinokuchaphazela ngayo ukuziphatha. Kunoko, izazi zengqondo zanamhlanje ziqonda ukuba nangona ukuthambekela okwenziweyo kungase kulungiselelwe i-biologically, amava ngabanye angabamba indima kwindlela iimpendulo eziboniswa ngayo. Ngokomzekelo, ngelixa sisenokuzilungelelanisa ngakumbi isilwanyana esinobungozi njengenyoka okanye ibhere, asisoze sibonakalisa ololoyiko ukuba asibonakalwanga kwizilwanyana.
Ezinye iingcamango malunga nokukhuthaza
Ukongezelela kwintetho yesayensi, kukho ezinye iingcamango ezicetywayo zokuncedisa ukucacisa. Ezi ziquka i- incentive theory of motivation , apho iziphatho zethu ziqhutyelwa ngumnqweno wembuyekezo, i- theory ye-motivation , apho abantu "baqhutyelwa" ukuziphatha ngeendlela ezithile zokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi olubangelwa iimfuno ezingagqibekanga, ukuvusa imbono yesishukumiso , esithi abantu baziphatha ngeendlela ezithile zokunyusa okanye ukunciphisa ukuvuswa kwabo, inkolelo yokubangela abantu, ebonisa ukuba iziphathamandla zibangelwa ngumnqweno wokuzimela, kunye nembono yokulindeleka ukuba siyenza ukhetho ukwandisa ukonwaba nokunciphisa intlungu.
Ngokwenene, akukho nanye yale mibono, kuquka i-theory ye-instinct, ingachaza ngokucacileyo intshukumo. Kungenzeka ukuba iinqununu zazo zonke iingcamango, kunye neengcamango ezingakhange zicetywayo, zidibaniswe ngendlela ephumela ekukhuthazeni ukuziphatha kwabantu.
> Imithombo:
> Myers, uDavid G. Ukuhlola iNzululwazi yeNtlalo. New York, NY: McGraw Hill Education, 2015. Print.
> I-Zilbersheid, U. I-Character Character of Nature Nature kwiingcamango zikaFrud. I-American Journal ye-Psychanalysis . 2013. 73 (2): 184-204.