Indlela ekuFomeni ngayo kunye nendlela yokuKhusela
Ubandlululo lunokuba nefuthe elinamandla ngendlela abantu abaziphatha ngayo kunye nabanye, ngakumbi abo bahluke kubo. Ubandlululo luyinto engenasiseko yaye ngokuqhelekileyo isimo sengqondo esichaphazelekayo ngamalungu eqela. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo zokubandlulula zibandakanya iimvakalelo ezimbi, iinkolelo ezithandwayo, kunye nokuthambekela kokubandlulula amalungu eqela.
Ngelixa iinkcazo ezithile zentlupheko eyenziwa yizinzululwazi zentlalo zihlala zihluka, ininzi iyavuma ukuba ibandakanya ukugweba okuqhelekileyo okungalunganga ngamalungu eqela.
Xa abantu benesimo sengqondo sengqondo ngabanye, bajwayele ukujonga wonke umntu ofanelekileyo kwiqela elithile "elifanayo." Bawubhenca ngamnye umntu obambe impawu okanye iinkolelo ezithile nge-brush ebanzi kwaye akakwazi ukujonga umntu ngamnye njengomntu oyingqayizivele.
Iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokucwasa
Ubandlululo lunokwakheka kwizinto ezininzi ezibandakanya ubulili, ubuhlanga, ubudala, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini, ubuzwe, isimo sezoqoqosho kunye nenkolo. Ezinye zezona zixhaphake kakhulu zibandakanya:
- Ubuhlanga
- Sexism
- Classicism
- I-Homophobia
- Ubuzwe
- Ubandlululo lwenkolo
- Ageism
- Xenophobia
Ubandlululo kunye nokunyaniseka
Xa ubandlululo lwenzeka, ukuxhatshazwa, ukucalulwa, kunye nokuxhatshazwa kungaphumelela. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ubandlululo luncike kwiziganeko.
I-stereotype yinkcazelo elula malunga neqela ngokubhekiselele kumava angaphambili okanye iinkolelo. Iingqungquthela ziyakwazi ukuzithemba ("abafazi bafudumala kwaye bayakhuthaza") okanye ababi ("abafana abaselula"). Iingqungquthela azikwazi nje ukukhokelela kwiinkolelo eziphosakeleyo, kodwa zinokubangela ukuba kubandlulula kunye nokucalulwa.
Ngokwenzululwazi yengqondo uGordon Allport , ubandlululo kunye neengcamango zivela kwinxalenye yezizathu eziqhelekileyo zokucinga kwabantu. Ukuze senze ingqiqo yehlabathi esisijikelezile, kubalulekile ukuhlenga ulwazi kwiindidi zengqondo . "Ingqondo yomntu kufuneka icinge ngoncedo lwezigaba," u-Allport wachaza. "Emva kokubunjwa, iindidi ziyisiseko sokuqhelanisa okuqhelekileyo. Asinakukwazi ukuphepha le nkqubo.
Ubandlululo kunye nokunyaniseka kuyisiphutha sengqondo
Ngamanye amazwi, sixhomekeke ekukwazi kwethu ukubeka abantu, iingcamango, kunye nezinto kwiindidi ezahlukileyo ukwenzela ukuba umhlaba ube lula kwaye ulula ukuwuqonda. Sifumaneka nje ngolwazi oluninzi ukuhlela yonke into ngendlela enengqiqo, isetyenzisiweyo kunye nengqiqo. Ukukwazi ukukhawuleza ukwahlula ulwazi kusivumela ukuba sisebenzisane kwaye sisabele ngokukhawuleza, kodwa kukhokelela kwiiphoso. Ubandlululo kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kwemizekelo emibini yeempazamo zengqondo ezibangelwa ukuthambekela kwethu ngokukhawuleza ukwahlula ulwazi kwihlabathi elisijikelezayo.
Le nkqubo yokuhlelwa koluntu isebenza kwihlabathi lezenhlalakahle kunye nokuhlalutya abantu kumaqela engqondo ngokusekelwe kwizinto ezifana nobudala, isondo kunye nohlanga.
Uphando ngeCategorizing
Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba xa kuziwa kukwahlula ulwazi ngabantu, siyancipha ukunciphisa ukungafani phakathi kwabantu kumaqela athile kwaye siphakamisa ukungafani phakathi kwamaqela .
Ngomnye uvavanyo lweklasikhi, abathathi-nxaxheba baceliwe ukuba bagwebe ubude babantu aboniswe kwiifoto. Abantu bakulo vavanyo baxelelwa ukuba
"Kule ncwadana, amadoda kunye nabasetyhini basemgangathweni olinganayo.Siye sanyamekela ukufanisa iindawo eziphakamileyo zamadoda nabasetyhini abafanekisiweyo. Oko kukuthi, kuyo yonke intokazi ephakamileyo ethile, kwindawo ethile kule ncwadana kukho indoda ngokokuphakama okufanayo. Ngoko ke, ukwenzela ukuba wenze isigwebo sokuphakama ngokuchanekileyo ngokusemandleni akho, zama ukugweba nganye ifoto njengelinye icala; ungathembeli kwisini somntu. "
Ukongeza kule miyalelo, i-$ 50 yomvuzo wanikwa umrhumo kubo nabani na ababenokwenza isigwebo esiphezulu.
Nangona kunjalo, abathathi-nxaxheba bahlalutya ngokulinganisa amadoda njengamasentimitha amade ubude kunabesifazane. Ngenxa yokugweba kwabo ukuba amadoda aphakamileyo kunabesifazane, abathathi-nxaxheba abazange bakwazi ukugxotha iinkolelo zabo ezikhoyo malunga namadoda nabasetyhini ukwenzela ukuba bagwebe ngokuchanekileyo.
Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba abantu bavame ukujonga amalungu angaphandle angama-homogenous ngaphezu kwamalungu eqela lawo, into ebizwa ngokuba yi -group-homogeneity bias . Le ngcamango yokuba onke amalungu eqela elingaphandle afana nelungelo kuwo onke amaqela, nokuba isekelwe kubuhlanga, ubuzwe, inkolo, iminyaka, okanye amanye amaqela asebenzayo ngokwemvelo. Abantu bavame ukubona ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kwamalungu amaqela abo, kodwa bathambekele ekuboneni abo abavela kumaqela angaphandle-"njengento efanayo."
Into esinokuyenza ukunciphisa ubandlululo
Ukongezelela ukujonga izizathu zokubangela ukuba ubandlululo lwenzeke, abaphandi baye bahlola iindlela ezahlukeneyo ezinokuthi ukunciphisa okanye ukupheliswa. Ukuqeqesha abantu ukuba babe novelwano ngakumbi kwamalungu amanye amaqela yindlela enye ebonise impumelelo enkulu. Ngokuzicingela ngokwabo kwimeko efanayo, abantu bayakwazi ukucinga ngendlela abaya kuthatha ngayo kwaye bafumane ukuqonda okukhulu kwezinye izenzo zabantu.
Ezinye iindlela ezisetyenziselwa ukunciphisa ubandlululo ziquka:
- Ukudlulisa imithetho nemimiselo efuna unyango olufanelekileyo kunye nolinganayo kuwo onke amaqela abantu
- Ukufumana inkxaso nenkxaso yoluntu ngokuchasene nenkqubo yoluntu
- Ukwenza abantu bazi ngokungahambisani neenkolelo zabo
- Uqhagamshelwano olwandisiweyo kunye namalungu amaqela oluntu
> Imithombo:
> Allport GW. Ubume bentlalo . Ukufunda, MA: I-Addison-Wesley; 1954.
> Fiske ST. Ukuxhasana kukunciphisa ubandlululo kunye nokunyanzelisa. E-Oskamp S, ed. Ukunciphisa ubandlululo nokucwaswa. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; 115-135; 2000.
> UNelson TE, uBiernat MR, uManis M. Iimali zeeNkcukacha zeSuku zonke (iiStereotype zesini): I-Potent neResilient. Umbhalo woBuntu kunye neNzululwazi yeNtlalo. 1990; 59: 664-675.
> Linville PW. I-Heterogeneity of Homogeneity. EDarley JM, Cooper J, eds. Igalelo kunye nokuHlalana kweNtlalo: uLifa lika-Edward E. Jones. IWashington, DC: uMbutho wezeNgqondo waseMerika. 1998; 423-462.
> Iiplani, S. I-Psychology of Prejudice, Stereotyping, and Discrimination: Ingqwalasela. Ngo-S. Plous (uMd.), Ukuqonda ukuCaluleka kunye nokuNyulwa. ENew York: McGraw-Hill. 2003: 3-48.