Uqwalasele ngokugqithiseleyo kwiCandelo loPhando lweSikhuloji
Ziziphi izinto ezichaphazela ukuziphatha kwabantu kunye neengcamango? Ingqondo yengqondo isebenzisa iindlela zenzululwazi ukuphendula le mibuzo ngokuphanda ingqondo nokuziphatha. Iingcali zengqondo zengqondo ziqhuba iimvavanyo zokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba kutheni abantu benza izinto ezithile.
I-Psychology yovavanyo: Uqwalaselo olukhawulezayo
Kutheni abantu benza izinto abazenzayo? Ziziphi izinto ezichaphazela ukuba ubuntu bukhula njani?
Kwenzeka njani ukuba iimpawu zethu kunye namava afane nomlingiswa wethu? Le yimibuzo embalwa yimibuzo yeengqondo zeengqondo, kwaye iindlela zokuhlola zivumela abaphandi ukuba bavelise kwaye bavavanye ngeemvavanyo. Ngokufunda imibuzo enjalo, abaphandi banokuphuhliswa kweengcamango ezibenza bakwazi ukuchaza, ukucacisa, ukuqikelela, nokuba batshintshe ukuziphatha kwabantu.
Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi bangasebenzisa iindlela zokuzama ukuphanda ukuba kutheni abantu bebandakanya ukuziphatha okungahambi kakuhle. Ngokufunda ngokubanzi malunga nezizathu zokubangela ukuba ezi ziphathekayo zenzeke, abaphandi bangaphinda bafune iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokunceda abantu baphephe izenzo ezinjalo okanye bathathe indawo yokukhetha okungenampilo kunye neenzuzo ezingaphezulu.
Izizathu zokufunda i-Psychology yezilingo
Nangona abafundi besoloko befuneka ukuba bathathe iikhompyutheni zengqondo zengqondo ngexesha le-grade-class and the graduate school , kufuneka ucinge ngale ngongoma njengendlela yokwenza indawo ngaphandle kwendawo enye yengqondo.
Zininzi zalezi zindlela zisetyenziselwa ezinye iindawo ezingaphantsi kweengqondo ukuqhuba uphando kwizinto zonke ukusuka ekuphuhlisweni kwabantwana ukuya kwimicimbi yoluntu.
Ingqondo yengqondo ibalulekile kuba iziphumo ezithe zafunyanwa ngabafundi beengqondo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni kwengqondo kunye nokuziphatha komntu.
Ngokuqonda ngokuthe ngqo oko kwenza abantu bakhonke, oogqirha beengqondo kunye nezinye iingcali zempilo yengqondo ziyakwazi ukuphonononga iindlela ezintsha zokunyanga kwengqondo nokugula kwengqondo.
Izindlela ezisetyenziswe kwiNgqondo yeengqondo
Ngoko abaphandi baphando njani ngengqondo kunye nokuziphatha komntu? Ngenxa yokuba ingqondo yomntu iyinkimbinkimbi, kubonakala kuwumsebenzi onzima ukuphonononga izinto ezininzi ezibangela ukuba sicinga, senze njani kwaye sizive.
Iingcali zengqondo zengqondo zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zophando kunye nezixhobo zokuphanda ukuziphatha kwabantu.
1. Iingcamango
Kwezinye iimeko, iingcali zengqondo zingenza iimvavanyo ukugqiba ukuba kukho ubudlelwane obangela-nesebenzi phakathi kweenguqu ezahlukeneyo.
Izinto ezisisiseko zokuqhuba ukuhlolwa kwengqondo ziquka:
- Ukunikezela ngokulandelelana abathathi-nxaxheba kumaqela
- Ukuchaza ngokucacileyo izixhobo
- Ukuphuhlisa ingcinga
- Ukujongana nokuzimela ezizimeleyo
- Ukulinganisa iimeko ezixhomekeke kuyo
Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi bangenza isifundo ukuba bajonge ukuba ukulahlwa kokulala kukuphazamisa ukusebenza kwi-test test. Umhloli angakwazi ukulawula ezinye iinguqu ezinokuthi zichaphazele umphumo, kodwa zitshintshe inani lokulala ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bafumane ubusuku ngaphambi kovavanyo lokuqhuba.
Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba babeza kuthatha uvavanyo olufanayo lokuqhubela phambili nge simulator okanye kwikhosi elawulwayo.
Ngokuhlalutya iziphumo, abaphandi banokugqiba ukuba ngaba kukho utshintsho kwizinto ezizimeleyo (umlinganiselo wobuthongo) obangela ukungafani kwintlukwano exhomekeke kuyo (ukuqhuba uvavanyo lokuqhuba).
Uvavanyo luhlala lusemgangathweni oyintloko, kodwa ezinye iindlela ezifana nezifundo zecala, uphando lwama-correlational, kunye nokubonwa kwemvelo kusetyenziswa rhoqo kwingqondo yengqondo.
2. Izifundo zeNkundla
Uphando lwezifundo luvumela abaphandi ukuba bafunde omnye umntu okanye iqela labantu ebunzulu.
Xa uqhuba ucwaningo lwetyala, umphandi uqokelela yonke into ekhoyo yenkcazelo, ngokuqhelekileyo ukujonga umntu onomdla kwithuba kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo. Ulwazi olunzulu malunga nemvelaphi yomntu kuquka imbali yentsapho, imfundo, umsebenzi, kunye nobomi bentlalo baqokelelwa.
Ezi zifundo zivame ukuqhutyelwa kwiimeko apho ukuhlolwa kungenakwenzeka. Ngokomzekelo, inzululwazi inokuqhuba isifundo sophando xa umntu onentshisekelo enamava ayingqayizivele okanye engaqhelekanga angenakuphinda aphindwe kwibhuyibhile.
3. Uphando loLuntu
Izifundo zokusebenzisana zenza ukuba abaphandi bakwazi ukubheka ubudlelwane phakathi kweenguqu ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, isazi sengqondo singabona ukuba ukwanda komlinganiselo omnye, omnye uhla ukuhla. Nangona iinjongo ezinjalo zijongene nobudlelwane, azikwazi ukusetyenziswa ukubonisa ubudlelwane obuhle. Umgaqo wegolide wukuthi ukulungelelanisa akulingani na.
4. Ukuqwalaselwa kwemvelo
Ukubonwa kwemvelo kunika abaphandi ithuba lokuba babone abantu kwindawo yabo yendalo. Le nqubo ingabancedisa ngokukodwa kumathuba apho abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba ukulungiswa kwebhan ingaba nempembelelo engafanelekanga kwimilinganiselo yokuthatha inxaxheba.
Iingcali zengqondo zenza ntoni?
Iingcali zengqondo zengqondo zisebenza kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo eziquka iikholeji, iifunivesithi, amaziko ophando, urhulumente kunye namashishini abucala. Abanye balaba baqeqeshi banokugxila ekufundiseni abafundi abafundi, ngelixa abanye beqhuba uphando kwiinkqubo zengqondo, ukuziphatha kwezilwanyana, i-neuroscience, ubuntu kunye nezinye iindawo ezithile zezifundo.
Abo basebenza kwizicwangciso zezemfundo bahlala befundisa izifundo zeengqondo ngaphezu kokuqhuba uphando nokupapasha iziphumo zabo kwiimagazini zengcali. Ezinye iingqondo zengqondo zisebenza kunye namashishini ukufumana iindlela zokwenza abasebenzi bavelise ngakumbi okanye benze indawo ephephile yokusebenzela, indawo ekhethekileyo eyaziwa ngokuba yingxaki yabantu .
Imbali yePhysical Psychology
Ukuze uqonde indlela i-psychology yokulinga efuneka ngayo namhlanje, kunokuba luncedo ukujonga indlela ivela ngayo. I-Psychology iyinkqubo encinane, ekhulayo ngasekupheleni kwe-1800. Ngethuba liqalise njengenxalenye yefilosofi kunye ne-biology, ngokusemthethweni yaba yintsimi yayo yokufunda xa isazi sengqondo sokuqala uWilhelm Wundt wasungula i-laboratory yokuqala ezinikele ekufundweni kwengqondo yengqondo.
Ezinye zeziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezancedisa ukuma kwimihlaba yengqondo yezovavanyo ziquka:
- 1874 - UWilhelm Wundt washicilela incwadi yokuqala yokufunda kwengqondo, iGrundzüge der physiologischen Psychology (Iimigaqo zePhysical Psychology) .
- 1875 - UWilliam James wavula ityhulo yengqondo kwi-United States. Lebhu yenziwe ngenjongo yokubonakalisa iklasi, kunokuba kwenziwe uphando lwangaphambili lovavanyo.
- 1879 - Ibhulebhu yokuqala yesayensi yengqondo yasungulwa eLeipzig, eJamani. Iingqondo zengqondo zanamhlanje zibuyela emva kokusekwa kwebhubhorikhi yokuqala kwengqondo ngokugqithisa kwengqondo kwengqondo uWilhelm Wundt ngexesha lokugqibela kwekhulu le-19.
- 1883 - G. Stanley Hall yavula i-lab yokuqala ye-psychology labor lab e-United States kwiYunivesithi yaseJohn Hopkins.
- 1885 - UHerman Ebbinghaus washicilela u- Über das Gedächtnis owaziwayo ("kwiMemori"), ekugqibeleni yaguqulelwa kwisiNgesi njengeMemori. Igalelo kwiNzululwazi yengqondo . Kulo msebenzi, wachaza iimvavanyo zakhe zokufunda nokuzikhumbula yena ayenzileyo.
- 1887 - UGeorge Truball Ladd washicilela incwadi yakhe yeencwadi ethi Elements of Psychology , incwadi yokuqala yokuqala yaseMelika ukuba ifake ulwazi oluninzi malunga neengqondo zengqondo.
- 1887 - UJacob McKeen Cattell wasungula i-lab yeeNzululwazi yasePennsylvania yaseLyunivesithi.
- 1890 - UWilliam James washicilela incwadi yakhe yeklasi, i -Principles of Psychology .
- Ngo-1891 - uMary Whiton Calkins wasungula itrayi yokufunda kwengqondo kwiWelsley College, waba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukuba enze ityhubhu yengqondo.
- 1893 - G. Stanley Hall yasungula uMbutho we- American Psychological Association , eyona nto inkulu kakhulu yobungcali kunye nesayensi yeengcali zeengqondo e-United States.
- Ngowe-1920 - uJohn B. Watson noRosalie Rayner baqhuba i- Little Albert Experiment ngoku baqhankqalaza, apho babonisa ukuba iimvakalelo zengqondo zingafakwa kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo kubantu.
- 1929 - Incwadi ethi Edwin Boring ethi A History of Experimental Psychology yashicilelwa. I-Boring yayingumntu oshukumisayo wesazi sengqondo ozinikele ekusebenziseni iindlela zokwenza uphando lwezesayikholo.
- Ngo-1955 - u-Lee Cronbach washicilela Ukwakhiwa kokuVunywa kwiiNzululwazi zengqondo , okwakusasaza ukusetyenziswa kokwakhiwa kweemvavanyo kwizifundo zengqondo.
- Ngowe-1958 - uHarry Harlow wapapasha i -Nature of Love , eyachaza indlela awayeyilinga ngayo i-rhesus imonke kwi-attachment kunye nothando.
- Ngo-1961 - uAlbert Bandura wenza i- Bobo doll yakhe eyaziwa ngoku eyaziwa ngemiphumo yokujonga ngokuziphatha kakubi.
ILizwi
Nangona i-psychology yokulinga ngezinye iinkhathi icingelwa njengefestile okanye kwindawo esecaleni kwengqondo, iindlela ezisetyenziswayo zisetyenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke iindawo zengqondo. Iingcali zengqondo zentuthuko zisebenzisa iindlela zokuhlola ukuhlola indlela abantu abakhula ngayo kubuntwaneni nangaphezulu kwexesha lokuphila. Iingcali zengqondo zentlalo zisebenzisa iindlela zokulinga zokufunda indlela abantu abachaphazelwa ngayo ngamaqela. Iingcali zengqondo zempilo zithembele ekuhlolweni nasekuphandeni ukuqonda kangcono izinto ezifaka isandla ekuphumeni nasezifo.
> Imithombo:
> Kantowitz, BH, Roediger, HL, & Elmes, DG. Psychology yovavanyo. IStanford, CT: I-Cengage Learning; 2015.
> Weiner, IB, Healy, AF, iProctor, RW. I-Handbook ye-Psychology: Umqulu 4, Psychology. ENew York: uJohn Wiley & Son, ngo-2012.