I-Biopsychology iyisebe leengqondo ezihlalutya indlela ubuchopho, ama-neurotransmitters kunye neminye imiba ye-biology yethu ithonya ngayo iimpawu zethu, iingcamango neemvakalelo zethu. Le ntsimi yengqondo idlalwa ngamagama ahlukahlukeneyo kubandakanya i-biopsychology, i-psychological physiological, i-neuroscience ye-behavior ne-psychobiology. Iingcali ze-Biopsychologists zihlala zijonge indlela iinkqubo zezinto eziphilayo ezibandakanya ngayo iimvakalelo, iingcinga kunye nezinye iinkqubo zengqondo.
Intsimi ye-biopsychology inxulumene nezinye iindawo, kuquka ukusetyenziswa kwengqondo kunye nokuziphendukela kwengqondo.
Imbali emfutshane
Nangona i-biopsychology ibonakala ngathi yintuthuko yokubonga kwangoku kuqaliswa kwezixhobo eziphambili kunye nobuchwephesha ekuhloliseni ubuchopho, iingcambu zentsimi zibuyela emva kwewaka lamawaka ukuya kwiifilosofi zakuqala. Ngethuba ngoku sicinga ngengqondo kunye nengqondo, iifilosofi kunye neengqondo zexesha elide zixubusha into eyaziwa ngokuba yingxaki yomzimba / yomzimba. Ngamanye amazwi, izafilosofi kunye nabanye abacingayo bazibuza ukuba ubuhlobo bebuphi phakathi kwehlabathi yengqondo kunye nehlabathi elingokoqobo.
Umbono wamafilosofi
Enye into ebalulekileyo ukuyikhumbula kukuba nje kuphela nje kwimbali yabantu ukuba abantu baye baqonda indawo ekhoyo yengqondo. U-Aristotle, umzekelo, wafundisa ukuba zethu iingcamango neemvakalelo zisuka entliziyweni.
Abalingisi bamaGrike abanjengoHippocrates kwaye kamva uPlato wasikisela ukuba ingqondo yindawo apho ingqondo ihlala khona kwaye ukuba yayiyinkokheli yazo zonke iingcamango nezenzo.
Kamva iingcinga ezifana noRene Descartes noLeonardo da Vinci bazisa iingcamango malunga nendlela inkqubo yeentlanzi ezisebenza ngayo. Nangona ezi ngcamango zakuqala zazingqiniswanga zimbi, zenze i ngcamango ebalulekileyo yokuba ukukhuthaza kwangaphandle kungaholela ekuphenduleni izihlunu.
Kwakuyi-Descartes eyayifaka ingcamango ye-reflex, nangona abaphandi kamva babonisa ukuba yintambo yomgogodla ebambe indima ebalulekileyo kule mpendulo.
Ikhonkco kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu
Abaphandi baphinde banomdla wokuqonda indlela ezahlukileyo ngayo iingqondo zobuchopho. Omnye umzamo wokuqala ekuqondeni oku kwakhokelela ekuphuhliseni inzululwazi eyaziwa ngokuba yi- phrenology . Ngokwale mbono, iinjongo ezithile zabantu zidibaniswa kunye nama-bumps and indentations of brain engqondweni.
Nangona i-phrenology yaba yinto evelele, ngokukhawuleza yaxoshwa ngabanye ososayensi. Nangona kunjalo, ingcamango yokuba ezinye iinjongo zobuchopho zinoxanduva lwemisebenzi ethile edlalwa indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhliseni uphando lwengqondo ezayo.
Icala elidumileyo likaPineas Gage , umqhubi wendlela yomnxeba obenobungozi obuchophazayo, wathintela ekuqondeni indlela umonakalo kwiindawo ezithile zengqondo ezinokuchaphazela ngayo ukuziphatha nokusebenza.
Uphando olutsha
Ekubeni ezo ntshukumo zokuqala, abaphandi baye baqhubeka befumana izinto ezibalulekileyo malunga nendlela ubuchopho busebenza ngayo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha eziphilayo.
Uphando malunga nokuziphendukela kwemvelo, indawo yokusebenza kwengqondo, i- neurons , kunye neurotransmitters iye yaqhubela phambili ukuqonda kwethu malunga nendlela iinkqubo ze-biological zichaphazela ngayo iingcinga, iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha.
Ukuba unomdla kwintsimi ye-biopsychology, ngoko kubalulekile ukuba ube nokuqonda iinkqubo ze-biological kwakunye ne-basic anatomy ne-physiology. Ezi zintathu zezona zinto zibaluleke kakhulu ukuyiqonda ingqondo, inkqubo ye-nervous, ne-neurotransmitters.
I-Brain neNervous System
Inkqubo yesiseko senzwa iqulethwe yingqondo kunye nentambo yomgudu. Inxalenye engaphezulu yengqondo iyaziwa njenge-cortex yecerebral.
Le nxalenye yengqondo ixanduva lokusebenza ekuqondeni, ukuvakalelwa, izakhono zezithuthi kunye neemvakalelo .
Ingqondo iqukethe ezine lobes:
- I-Lobe yangaphambili: Le nxalenye yengqondo ibandakanyeke kwizakhono zamandla, ukuqonda okuphezulu kwe-lever kunye nolwimi olucacileyo.
- I-Occipital Lobe: Le nxalenye yengqondo ibandakanyekile ekutolizeni izinto ezibonakalayo kunye nolwazi.
- I-Parietal Lobe: Le nxalenye yengqondo ibandakanyeka ekuqhutyweni kolwazi olunzulu lweengcinga ezinjengexinzelelo, ukuthintela kunye nentlungu kunye neminye imisebenzi emininzi.
- Lobe yesikhashana: Le nxalenye yengqondo ibandakanyekile ekuchazeni izandi kunye nolwimi esiva, ukucutshungulwa kwememori, kunye neminye imisebenzi.
Enye inxalenye ebalulekileyo yenkqubo ye-nervous system ye- nervous system , eyahlula ibe ngamacala amabini:
- Ulwahlulo lwemoto (ehlukileyo) oludibanisa inkqubo ye-nervous central to the muscles and glands.
- Icandelo leengqondo (elichaphazelekayo) lithwala zonke iindidi zolwazi lwenkolelo kwinkqubo yesantya ephakathi.
Kukho enye inxalenye yesimiso senzwa esibizwa ngokuba yi- system ye-nervous system , elawula iindlela ezizenzekelayo ezifana nentlawulo yenhliziyo, ukuphefumula kunye negazi. Kukho iinxalenye ezimbini zesimiso se-nervous system:
- Inkqubo yesantya evelwano , elawula ukuphendula "ukulwa okanye indiza" . Le ngcamango ilungiselela umzimba ukuba uphendule ingozi kwindawo.
- Inkqubo ye-nervous emotion isebenza ukubuyisela umzimba wakho kwindawo yokuphumla kwaye ilawula iinkqubo ezifana nokugonya.
Neurotransmitters
Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwintsimi ye-biopsychology yizenzo zeeurotransmitters . I-neurotransmitters ithwala ulwazi phakathi kwe-neurons kwaye yenze imiyalezo yeekhemikhali ithunyelwe ukusuka kwenye inxalenye yomzimba kwingqondo, nangona kunjalo.
Kukho iintlobo zeeurotransmitter ezichaphazela umzimba ngezindlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, i-neurotransmitter dopamine ibandakanyeka ekuhambeni nasekufundeni. Inani elidlulileyo le-dopamine sele lidibene neengxaki zengqondo ezifana ne-schizophrenia, ngelixa i-dopamine encinane inxulumene nesifo sika-Parkinson. I-biopsychologist inokufunda i-neurotransmitter eyahlukeneyo ukucacisa iimpembelelo zayo ekuziphatheni komntu.
Amathuba omsebenzi kwi-Biopsychology
Ukuba unomdla kwi-career ye-biopsychology, ngoko unokhetho oluninzi olukhethiweyo. Abanye abangena kulolu hlobo lwentsimi bakhetha ukusebenzela uphando apho banokusebenza kwiyunivesiti, inkampani yeziyobisi, i-arhente karhulumente, okanye enye imboni. Abanye bakhetha ukusebenza kunye nezigulane ukunceda abo baye bafumana uhlobo oluthile lomonakalo wengqondo okanye isifo esinefuthe ekuphatheni nasekusebenzeni kwazo.
Ezi zilandelayo zizinto ezimbalwa zobungcali bokuzibandakanya ezi zihambelana ne-biopsychology:
- I-Psychologist: Ukhangelelanisa ukuziphatha kweentlobo ezahlukileyo kwaye uyazifanisa kunye nomntu.
- Iingcali zengqondo: Ihlola iimpawu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
- I-Neuroscientist yezenzo: Uhlalutya indlela ubuchopho, isimiso senzwa, kunye nezinye izinto ezithintekayo ngayo.
- I-neurologist: Uphatha izigulane ngomonakalo okanye izifo ezichaphazela ingqondo kunye nenkqubo yesifo.
- I-Neuroscientist yeCognitive: Phanda umsebenzi weengqondo kwaye uhlola ukwenza uphando ngendlela abantu bacinga ngayo, bafunde kwaye basombulule iingxaki.
ILizwi
I-Biopsychology ibonisa enye yezindlela ezibalulekileyo zokucinga ngeengqondo. Le ngcamango kwengqondo yenze abaphandi bakwazi ukuqonda ngakumbi indlela ubuchopho kunye nenkqubo yesantya echaphazela ngayo ukuziphatha kwabantu.
Ngokufunda ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kunye nendlela izifo zengqondo kunye nokulimala zichaphazela ngayo iimpawu, iimvakalelo kunye neengcamango, abaphandi bakwazi ukufumana iindlela ezintsha zokuphatha iingxaki ezinokuthi zivele.
> Imithombo:
> Kalat, JW. Psychology. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth Cengage Learning; 2013.
> Klein, SB & Thorne, BM. Psychology. I-New York: AbaPashi Abafanelekileyo; 2007.