Ingqondo yengqondo yisebe yeengqondo ezithintele ukuvavanywa kunye nokuphathwa kwengqondo yengqondo, ukuziphatha okungavamile, kunye neengxaki zengqondo. Le ntsimi idibanisa inzululwazi yengqondo kunye nokunyangwa kweengxaki zomntu eziyinkimbinkimbi, okwenza kube yinto ekhethileyo yokukhetha abantu abafuna inkalo enzima kwaye inomvuzo.
Imbali yo kuqala
Iimpembelelo zakuqala kwintsimi yeengqondo zeklinikhi ziquka umsebenzi wase-Austrian psychoanalyst uSigmund Freud . Wayengomnye wabokuqala ukugxila kwingcamango yokuba ukugula kwengqondo yinto into eyayingaphathwa ngokuthetha nesigulane, kwaye kwakungokuphuhliswa kwendlela yokunyanga kwengxoxo yakhe edlalwa ngokubhekiselele ekusebenziseni kwezesayensi zengqondo.
Umlobi wezengqondo waseMerika u-Lightner Witmer wavula ikliniki yokuqala yengqondo ngo-1896 ngokugxila ngokukodwa ekuncediseni abantwana abanokukhubazeka ukufunda. Kwakhona nguWhommer owaqala igama elithi "ingqondo yengqondo" kwiphepha le-1907.
UWitmer, owayengumfundi kaWilhelm Wundt , uchaza i-psychological clinic ngokuthi "ukufundwa ngabantu ngabanye, ngokujonga okanye ukuzama, ngenjongo yokukhuthaza utshintsho." Namhlanje, i-psychology yekliniki yenye yezona ndawo ezidumileyo kunye neyona ndawo enye enkulu yengqesho kwingqondo.
Ngowe-1914, ezinye iiklinikhi ezingama-26 ezazinikela kwiinkqubo zengqondo zonyango zazisungulwa eUnited States.
Ukuguqulwa kwezinto ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi
Ingqondo yengqondo yasungulwa ngakumbi ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi I njengoko oogqirha babonisa ubuchule bokuvavanywa kwengqondo. Ngomnyaka we-1917, i-American Association of Clinical Psychology yasungulwa, nangona yatshintshwa iminyaka emibini kamva ngokusekwa kwe- American Psychological Association (APA).
NgeMfazwe Yehlabathi II, ii-psychologists zonyango zacelwa ukuba zinyamekele oko kwakubizwa ngokuba yi-shell shock, ebizwa ngokuba yi- post-traumatic disorder disorder . Kwakuyimfuno yabaqeqeshi ukuba baphathe amaninzi amanqindi abuyelayo efuna uncedo oluye lwaba negalelo ekukhuleni kwengqondo yekliniki ngeli xesha. Ngexesha le-1940, i-US yayingenayo iiprogram ezinikezela ngezinga elisemthethweni kwizengqondo zeklinikhi. Ulawulo lwe-Veterans yase-US lusetyenzise inani lenqanaba lokuqeqeshwa kwabafundi kunye no-1950, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sazo zonke iiprogram zezinga le-Ph.D in psychology zanikezelwa kwindawo yengqondo yeklinikhi.
Iinguqu kwiGxila
Ngoxa iinjongo zokuqala kwengqondo kwizonyango zaziye zenzelwe ikakhulu kwisayensi kunye nophando, iinkqubo zezifundo zaqala ukudibanisa ukugxininiswa kweengqondo . Kwizengqondo zeklinikhi Ph.D. iinkqubo, le ndlela ibizwa ngokuba yi- scientist-practitioner okanye iBoulder Model . Kamva, i-Psy.D. ukhetho oluphezulu luye lwavela olubeka ugxininiso ngakumbi kwizakhono zobugcisa kunokuba uphando. Isiganga esichaphazelekayo sokuqhelana nobugcisa kwizonyango zengqondo ziyaziwa ngokuba ngumzekelo weengcali okanye we- Vail .
Intsimi iye yaqhubeka ikhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye imfuno yeengcali zengqondo zekliniki namhlanje zihlala ziqinile.
I-Bureau of Labor Statistics 'I-Occupational Outlook Handbook iqikelela ukuba imisebenzi ekliniki, ukululekwa, kunye neengqondo zesikolweni ziza kukhula ngama-14 ekhulwini ukususela ngo-2016 ukuya ku-2026, okukhawuleza kunomyinge.
Izidingo zeMfundo
E-US, iingcali zengqondo zengqondo zihlala zifumana udokotela kwizengqondo kwaye zifumana uqeqesho kwizicwangciso zekliniki. Imfuno yemfundo yokusebenza kwizengqondo zeklinikhi zinzima kakhulu, kwaye ezininzi iingcali zengqondo zonyango zichitha iminyaka emine ukuya kweyesithandathu kwisikolo esiphumelele kwisikolo emva kokufumana i-degree-bachelor degree .
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo-i- Ph.D. kunye ne- Psy.D.
Ngokubanzi, Ph.D. iinkqubo zijoliswe kuphando, ngelixa i-Psy.D. iinkqubo zijoliswe kuzo. Abanye abafundi banokufumana iiprogram zokufunda izifundo ezibonelela ngesigidi semfundo yesigxina kwizengqondo zeklinikhi.
Ngaphambi kokuba ukhethe inkqubo yeklinikhi yengqondo, kufuneka uhlale uhlola ukuze uqiniseke ukuba inkqubo iyavunyelwa yi-American Psychological Association. Emva kokugqiba inkqubo yoqeqesho lwabafundi abaphumeleleyo, abahlala kwiiklinikhi zeengqondo kufuneka bazalise ixesha lokuqeqesha kunye noviwo.
Iimfuneko zokunikezelwa kwelayisenisi ezichanekileyo zikarhulumente, ngoko kufuneka uhlolisise ibhodi yelayisenisi yelizwe ukuze ufunde kabanzi.
Abafundi baseUnited Kingdom banokuphishekela iqondo lezinga lokugqirha kwizengqondo (D.Clin.Psychol okanye kwiClini.Psy.D.) ngeenkqubo ezixhaswe yiNkonzo yeSizwe yezeMpilo. Ezi nkqubo zikhuphisana kakhulu kwaye zijoliswe kuzo zombini uphando kunye nokusebenza. Abafundi abanomdla wokubhalisa kwenye yale nkqubo kufuneka babe negradu yegraduate kwiprogram yengqondo evunywe yiBritish Psychological Society ngaphezu kweemfuno zeemfuno.
Izicwangciso zokusebenza kunye nemiSebenzi yeJob
Iingcali zengqondo zonyango zihlala zisebenza kwizicwangciso zonyango, ukuzimela ngasese, okanye kwizikhundla zezifundo kwiiyunivesithi nakwiikholeji. Ezinye iingcali zengqondo zonyango zisebenza ngokuthe ngqo nabaxumi, ngokuqhelekileyo abo bafumana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo kunye nezigaba zeengxaki zengqondo. Ezinye iikliniki zengqondo zingasebenza kwizicwangciso zonyango ezizimeleyo zinika iinkonzo zangexesha elifutshane kunye nexesha elide kubathengi abafuna uncedo ekujonganeni noxinzelelo lwengqondo. Ezinye iikliniki zengqondo zisebenza kwezinye izicwangciso, ukwenza uphando, ukufundisa izifundo zeyunivesithi, kunye nokunikezela ngeenkonzo zokubonisana.
Ezinye zezenzo zengqesho ezenziwa ngabasebenzi abasebenza kwizonyango zengqondo zingabandakanya:
- Uvavanyo kunye nokuxilongwa kweengxaki zengqondo
- Unyango lweengxaki zengqondo
- Ukunikezela ubungqina kwiimeko zomthetho
- Fundisa
- Ukuqhuba uphando
- Ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kunye notywala
- Ukudala nokulawula iinkqubo zokunyanga nokukhusela iingxaki zoluntu
Indlela
Iingcali zengqondo zezonyango ezisebenza njengeengqondo zengqondo zisoloko zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango xa zisebenza kunye nabaxhasi. Nangona ezinye iiklinikhi zijolise kwiimeko ezithile zonyango, abaninzi basebenzisa oko kuthethwa njengendlela eclectic. Oku kubandakanya ukudweba kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokufunda ukuphuhlisa isicwangciso sonyango esihle kakhulu kumthengi ngamnye.
Ezinye zeendlela eziphambili zeengcali ngaphakathi kwengqondo yekliniki ziquka:
- Indlela ye-Psychodynamic: Lo mbono wakhula kumsebenzi we-Psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, owayekholelwa ukuba ingqondo engenalwazi inendima ebalulekileyo ekuziphatheni kwethu. Iingcali zengqondo ezisebenzisa i- psychoanalytic therapy zingasebenzisa izakhono ezinjengobudlelwane bakhululekile ukuphanda umxhasi, ukuba akukho nto ikhuthaza.
- Indlela yokuziphatha kwengqondo: Le ndlela yokwenziwa kwengqondo yekliniki ivela kwizikolo zokuziphatha nezengqondo zokucinga. Iingcali zengqondo zonyango zisebenzisa le ngcamango ziza kubheka indlela iimvakalelo zabaxhasi, iimpawu zokuziphatha kunye neengcamango ezibandakanya ngayo. I-ctnitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) isoloko igxininisa ekutshintsheni iingcamango kunye nokuziphatha okubangela ukukhathazeka kwengqondo.
- Umbono wobuzwe: Le ndlela yokwenzululwazi yeklinikhi yakhula kumsebenzi weengcamango zabantu ezifana no-Abraham Maslow noCar Rogers . Lo mbono ujonge umxhasi ngokubanzi kwaye ugxile kwizinto ezinjengokuzenzekelayo kunye nokunceda abantu bakwazi ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo.
ILizwi
Ingqondo yengqondo yenye yezona ndawo zikhethwa kakhulu kwizengqondo, kodwa kubalulekile ukuvavanya iimfuno zakho ngaphambi kokugqiba ukuba le ndawo ingaba yinto efanele kuwe. Ukuba uthanda ukusebenzisana nabantu kwaye unako ukusombulula uxinzelelo kunye nokuphikisana kakuhle, i-psychology yekliniki ingaba yinto ekhethekileyo. Intsimi yeengqondo zeklinikhi iya kuqhubeka ikhula kwaye iguqulele ingqalelo kwiimfuno eziguqukayo zoluntu, kwakunye neenguqu kwiindlela zesizwe kwinkqubo yokunakekelwa kwempilo. Ukuba awuqinisekanga nokuba ingqondo yeklinikhi ikulungele wena, lo msebenzi wovavanyo lwezengqondo unokunceda.
> Imithombo:
> I-Bureau of Labor Statistics. Zeengqondo. Isebe Lemisebenzi Yase-US. I-Occupational Outlook Handbook. Ukuhlaziywa kweJanuwari 30, 2018.
> I-Carr A. I-Psychology yecliniki: Isingeniso. ELondon: uRoutledge; 2012.
> Trull TJ, i-Prinstein M. Clinical Psychology. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth; 2013.