Uluhlu lweengxaki zeengqondo

by Kendra Cherry; Ukuhlaziywa nguSteven Gans, MD

Ngezinye iimeko izifo zengqondo zisebenza ngokubhekiselele kwizinto eziqhelekileyo ezibizwa ngokuba zizifo zengqondo okanye izifo zengqondo. Izifo zengqondo zindlela zokuziphatha okanye iimpawu zengqondo ezichaphazela indawo ezininzi zobomi. Ezi ngxaki zidala uxinzelelo kumntu ofumana ezi mpawu.

Nangona kungekho uluhlu olubanzi lweengxaki zengqondo, uluhlu olulandelayo luquka ezinye zeentlobo eziphambili zeziphazamiso ezichazwe kwiNcwadana yokuHlola kunye neSatistim of Disabilities (DSM). Inkomfa yakutsha yesikhokelo sokuxilonga yi-DSM-5 kwaye yakhululwa ngoMeyi ka-2013. I-DSM yenye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziselwa ukuhlenga iingxaki zengqondo kunye nokubonelela ngeendlela ezichanekileyo zokuxilonga.

1 - Iingxaki ze-Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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Iingxaki ze-Neurovelopmentalal zizinto eziqhelekileyo zifunyaniswe ngethuba lokusana, ebuntwaneni, okanye ebusheni. Ezi ngxaki zengqondo ziquka:

Ukukhubazeka ngokwengqiqo (okanye iNgxaki yokuPhuculwa kweNkcubeko) kwakubizwa ngokuba yi-delay retard. Olu hlobo lwenkinga yokuphuhliswa luvela kwiminyaka engama-18 kwaye lubonakaliswe yimida ekusebenzeni kweengqondo kunye nokuziphatha okuguquguqukayo.

Ukulinganiselwa ekusebenzeni kwengqondo kudlalwa ngokusetyenziswa kweimivavanyo ze- IQ , kunye nomlinganiselo we- IQ phakathi ko-70 no-75 udla ngokubonisa ubungqina bemida. Iimpawu zokuziphatha ezibandakanya ezo zinto zibandakanya izakhono zemihla ngemihla ezifana nokuzinakekela, ukusebenzisana nentlalo kunye nezakhono zokuphila.
Ukulibaziseka kokuphuhliswa kwehlabathi jikelele kukuxilongwa ngokukhubazeka kwabantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emihlanu. Ukulibaziseka okunjalo kuchaphazela ukuqonda, ukusebenza kwezenhlalakahle, intetho, ulwimi, kunye nezakhono. Ngokuqhelekileyo kubonwa njengokuxilongwa kwexeshana ekusebenziseni abantwana abaselula ukuba bathathe iimvavanyo ze-IQ eziqhelekileyo. Xa abantwana befikelela kwiminyaka apho banako ukuthabanya uvavanyo lweempawu zengqondo, banokufumana ukuba banokukhubazeka kwengqondo.
Iingxaki zokunxibelelana ngabo zichaphazela ukukwazi ukusebenzisa, ukuqonda, okanye ukufumana ulwimi nolwimi. I-DSM-5 ibonisa izidibaniso ezine ezihlukeneyo zokuphazamiseka koluqhagamshelwano: ingxaki yolwimi, ingxaki yokuthetha ngentetho, ukukhubazeka kokuqala komntwana (ukuguqula) kunye nentlalo ( pragmatic) uxhulumano lwengxaki.
I-Autism i-disorder disorder ibonakaliswe ukulahleka okuqhubekayo kwintsebenziswano yoluntu kunye noqhagamshelwano kwiindawo ezininzi zobomi kwakunye neendlela eziphindaphindiweyo neziphindaphindayo zokuziphatha. I-DSM ichaza ukuba iimpawu ze-autism disorder disorder kufuneka zibe khona ngexesha lokuphuhliswa kwexesha lokuqala kwaye ukuba le mpawu ibangele ukuphazamiseka okubalulekileyo kwiindawo ezibalulekileyo zobomi kuquka ukusebenza kwezenhlalakahle kunye nokusebenza.
Ukukhathazeka-ukungaphumeleli kwimeko yokuxhatshazwa kwempilo kubonakaliswa ngumzekelo oqhubekayo wokungabikho komonakalo-ukungabi nomdla kunye / okanye ukungalindelekanga okuphazamisa ukusebenza kunye nokuzibeka kwisetyenziselwano ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu ezifana nasekhaya, emsebenzini, esikolweni nakwiimeko zentlalo. I-DSM-5 ichaza ukuba iimpawu ezininzi kufuneka zibe khona ngaphambi kokuba zibe neminyaka eyi-12 kwaye ukuba le mpawu kufuneka ibe nefuthe elibi kumsebenzi wezenhlalakahle, umsebenzi, okanye ukufundisa.

2 - I-Bipolar kunye neengxaki ezichaphazelekayo

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Ingxaki ye-bipolar ibonakala ngokutshintshwa kwemizwelo kunye neenguqu kumanqanaba omsebenzi kunye namandla. Ingxaki ihlala iquka ukufumana ukutshintsha phakathi kwemizwelo ephakamileyo kunye nexesha lokudandatheka. Iimvakalelo eziphakamileyo ezinokuthi zivakaliswe kwaye zithunyelwa kuyo njenge-mania okanye i-hypomania.

Ukuthelekiswa ne-edited edition ye-DSM, kwi-DSM-5 imilinganiselo yeempawu ze-manic kunye ne-hypomanic ziquka ukugxininiswa kokunyuka kweenguqu zamandla kunye nomsebenzi kunye nokutshintsha kwimiqondo.

I-Mania ibonakalisa ukuvakalelwa ngokugqithiseleyo kwaye i-hyper. Ngamanye amaxesha iimpawu zeemania ziphawulwa yimvakalelo yokuphazamiseka, ukukhubeka, kunye nokuzithemba ngokweqile. Abantu abajongene ne-mania banamathuba amaninzi okubandakanyeka kwimisebenzi enokuthi ibe nemiphumo emibi engapheliyo njengengcakazo kunye neentengiso.
Iipasiti ezidandathekayo zibonakaliswa yimvakalelo yokudabuka okukhulu, inecala, ukukhathala nokukhungatheka. Ngethuba lokudandatheka, abantu abanenkinga yokuguquguquka kwe-bipolar banokulahlekelwa ngumdla kwimisebenzi awayeyithandayo, bafumana ubunzima bokulala, kwaye banokuba neengcinga zokuzibulala.

Izibini zomntu kunye nexinzelelo ezinokukhathazeka zinokuyikrokra kumntu ojongene nale mpawu kunye nosapho, abahlobo kunye nabanye abathandekayo abagcina oku kuziphatha kunye nokutshintsha kwemizwa. Ngethamsanqa, unyango olufanelekileyo kunye olusebenzayo , oludla ngokubandakanya zombini unyango kunye neengqondo zengqondo , lunokunceda abantu abaneengxaki zokugula ngengqondo.

Iziganeko ezi-3 zokukhathazeka

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Iingxaki zokukhathazeka zizo zibonakalisa ukwesaba okugqithisileyo nokuqhubekayo, ukukhathazeka, uxhalaba kunye nokuphazamiseka kokuziphatha okuhlobene. Uloyiko luquka impembelelo yomsongelo, nokuba loo nto iyingozi okanye iyabonakala. Ukuxhalabisa kubandakanya ukulindela ukuba ingozi ezayo ivela.

Olunye uphando olupapashwe kwi- Archives General General Psychiatry , kwaqikelelwa ukuba amaninzi engama-18 abantu abadala base-America abava ubunzima besifo esisodwa.

Iintlobo zokuphazamiseka kwengxaki ziquka:

Ingxaki yoxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo ephawulwe ngokuxhalabisa ngokweqile ngemicimbi yeentsuku zonke. Nangona ukuxinezeleka kunye nokuxhalaba kuyingxenye eqhelekileyo kwaye yinto eqhelekileyo yobomi, i-GAD ibandakanya ukukhathazeka okugqithiseleyo kangangokuthi kukuphazamisa ukuphila komntu kunye nokusebenza.
I-Agoraphobia ibonakaliswe ngoloyiko oluthile olubanzi lweendawo zoluntu. Abantu abafumana le ngxaki bahlala besaba ukuba baya kuba neentlanzi zokuhlaselwa kwesoyiko apho kunokuphepha kunzima.

Ngenxa yoloyiko, abo abane-agoraphobia bahlala bephepha iingxaki ezinokubangela ukuhlaselwa. Kwezinye iimeko, ukuziphatha ukuphepha kunokufikelela kwindawo apho umntu akakwazi ukuhamba naye ekhaya.
Inkxalabo yokuxhalaba kwezenhlalakahle yintlupheko engokwenyama yengqondo eyenza ukwesaba okungenangqondo kokubukelwa okanye ukwahlulelwa. Ukuxhalabisa okubangelwa yile ngxaki kunokuba nefuthe elikhulu kumntu womntu kwaye kwenza kube nzima ukusebenza esikolweni, emsebenzini nakwezinye izicwangciso zoluntu.
I-phobias ekhethekileyo ibandakanya ukwesaba okukhulu kwinto ethile okanye imeko kwimeko. Eminye imizekelo yee-phobias eziqhelekileyo zibandakanya ukwesaba izibungulu, ukwesaba izinto eziphakamileyo, okanye ukwesaba iinyoka. Iintlobo ezine eziphambili ze-phobias ezichaphazelekayo zibandakanya iziganeko zendalo (iindudumo, ukukhanyisa, izixhobo zonyango), iinkqubo zezokwelapha, iinkqubo zezinyo, izixhobo zonyango), izilwanyana (izinja, iinyoka, izibhugi) kunye nezimo (ezincinci izikhala, ukushiya ekhaya, ukuqhuba) . Xa ubhekene nesimo sengqondo okanye imeko, abantu banokuba neentlanzi, ukuthuthumela, isantya senhliziyo esheshayo, kunye nokwesaba ukufa.
Ukuphazamiseka kwamanxeba yintlupheko yesifo sengqondo ebonakalisa ukuhlaselwa kwesoyiko esoloko ibonakala ibonakala eluhlaza kwaye kungekho sizathu. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abanesifo sokuphazamiseka badla ngokuxhalabisa kwaye banenkxalabo malunga nokuhlaselwa kwesinye isifo.

Abantu bangase baqale ukuphepha iimeko kunye nezicwangciso apho ukuhlaselwa kwenzeka kwixesha elidlulileyo okanye apho kungenzeka khona kwixesha elizayo. Oku kunokudala ukuphazamiseka okukhulu kwiindawo ezininzi zobomi bemihla ngemihla kwaye kwenza kube nzima ukwenza iziqhelo eziqhelekileyo.
Ingxaki yokuxhalabisa ingxaki yintlobo yesifo esixhalabileyo esinobuninzi obuninzi okanye ukhathazeka ngokuphathelele ukwahlukaniswa kwamanani okunamathiselwe. Abantu bahlala beqhelana nombono wokuxhalabisa ngokuxhatshazwa njengoko kuhlobene nokutya kobantwana abancinci bokungafani nabazali babo, kodwa abantwana abadala kunye nabadala banokukufumana. Xa iimpawu ziba nzima kangangokuthi ziphazamise ukusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo, umntu unokufumana ukuba unesifo sokuxhalabisa.

Iimpawu zibandakanya ukwesaba okukhulu kokungabikho komncedisi okanye umgca wokunamathisela . Umntu ojongene nale mpawu unokuphepha ukufuduka ekhaya, ukuya esikolweni, okanye ukutshata ukuze ahlale esondelene nomfanekiso wesinamathiselo.

I-4 - I-Trauma kunye neengxaki ezichaphazelekayo

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Iingxaki ezinxulumene noxinzelelo kunye noxinzelelo ezibandakanya uxinzelelo zibandakanya ukuvezwa kwisiganeko esicinezelekileyo okanye esibuhlungu. Ezi zinto zadlulileyo ziqokelelwe zizifo ezixhalabileyo kodwa ngoku zibhekwa njengoluhlu oluhlukileyo lweengxaki.

Iingxaki ezibandakanywe kuloluhlu zibandakanya:

Inkxalabo yokuxinwa ngokukhawuleza, ebonakaliswa ngokukhawuleza kokuxhalaba okukhulu phakathi kwenyanga enye emva kokubonakala kweso siganeko esibuhlungu njengeentlekele zemvelo, imfazwe, izingozi kunye nokufakaza ukufa.

Ngenxa yoko, umntu unokufumana iimpawu ezingenayo i-dissociative ezifana nesimo sengqondo esitshintshileyo, ukungakwazi ukukhumbula izinto ezibalulekileyo zeso siganeko, kunye nokutshintshela okubonakalayo ngokungathi umcimbi uphinde uphinde ulandeleke. Ezinye iimpawu zingabandakanya ukunyanzeliswa kwemizwelo, ukukhunjulwa kweemvakalelo zengxakini, kunye nobunzima bokufumana iimvakalelo ezintle.
Izilungiso zokulungiswa zingenzeka njengempendulo ekutshintsheni ngokukhawuleza njengokutshatyalaliswa, ukulahleka kwemisebenzi, ukuphela kobudlelwane obusondeleyo, ukuhamba, okanye ukulahlekelwa okanye ukuphoxeka. Olu hlobo lwesifo sengqondo lunokuchaphazela abantwana nabakudala kwaye lubonakaliswe yimpawu ezifana nokuxhalaba, ukucaphuka, ukuxinezeleka, ukukhathazeka, umsindo, ukungafihli, nokuvakalelwa.
Ingxaki yokuxinzelela emva kokukhathazeka ingathuthuka emva kokuba umntu uye wafumana isiganeko esicinezelayo. Iimpawu ze-PTSD ziquka iziqendu zokuxhaswa okanye ukufumana kwakhona umcimbi, ukuphepha izinto ezikhumbuza umntu malunga nesiganeko, ukuziva unqamle, kunye neengcamango ezingendawo. Ukuqhaqhaqhayisa, ukukhwabanisa, ukuvutha komsindo, ukunyamekela ukugxilwa, ukunyamezela ukuphendula, kunye nobunzima bokukhumbula iziganeko zeso siganeko zimbalwa iimpawu ezinokwenzeka ukuba abantu abanePTSD bafumane.
Ingxaki yokuqhotyoshelweyo ingabangela ukuba abantwana bangabumba ubudlelwane obunempilo obuqhelanisiweyo kunye neziqhotyoshelweyo kunye nabancedisi abadala abadala kwiminyaka embalwa yokuqala yobuntwana. Iimpawu zengxaki zibandakanya ukurhoxiswa kubaxhasi abadala kunye nokuphazamiseka kwezentlalo kunye nokuphazamiseka kwengqondo okubangelwa kwiipatheni zokunyamekela nokunganyaniseki.

5 - Dissociative Disorders

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Iziphazamiso ze-dissociative ziziintlupheko zengqondo ezibandakanya ukuphazamiseka okanye ukuphazanyiswa kwimimandla yolwazi , kuquka ubuni kunye nenkumbulo .

Iingxaki zeDissociative ziquka:

I-dissociative amnesia iquka ukulahleka kweememori kwesikhashana ngenxa yokungabandakanywa. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukulahleka kweememori, okukuphela kwexesha elifutshane okanye kwiminyaka emininzi, kubangelwa uhlobo oluthile lokukhathazeka kwengqondo.

I-dissociative amnesia ingaphezulu kokulula ukulibala . Abo bafumana le ngxaki bangakhumbula ezinye iinkcukacha malunga neziganeko, kodwa abanakho ukukhumbula ezinye iinkcukacha malunga nexesha elijikelezayo.
Ingxaki ye-dissociative yesazisi , eyayibizwa ngokuba yi-disorder personality disorder, ibandakanya ubukho bobuninzi bobubini okanye obuninzi. Ngalunye lwazo ubuntu lunendlela yaso yokubona kunye nokusebenzisana nemeko. Abantu abanalesi sifo siphenduke ekuphatheni, imemori, ukuqonda, iimpendulo zengqondo kunye nokuqonda.
Ukuxhaswa komntu / ukukhubaza ingxaki kubonakaliswa ngokuba nomntu ongaphandle komzimba wakhe (ukuxhomekeka komntu) kunye nokunqanyulwa kwizinto eziyinyaniso (ukuhlaziya). Abantu abanalo le ngxaki bahlala beziva bengenangqiqo kunye nokunqanyulwa ngokungabonakaliyo kwiintliziyo zabo, iimvakalelo zabo kunye nokuqonda.

6 - iSimptom Symptom kunye neengxaki ezichaphazelekayo

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Ngaphambili ekubhekiswe kuyo phantsi kwesihloko seengxaki ze-somatoform, eli candelo liyaziwa njengempawu ze-somatic kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene nazo. Iziphazamiso zesifo seSomatic ziyiklasi yeengxaki zengqondo ezibandakanya iimpawu ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo ezingenakho izizathu ezibangela ukuxilongwa.

Ngokuchasene neendlela zangaphambili zokucingisisa ezi ngxaki ngenxa yokungabikho kwenkcazo yezokwelapha kwimpawu zomzimba, ukuxilongwa kwangoku kugxininisa iingcamango ezingavamile, iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha okwenzekayo ekuphenduleni le mpawu.

Ukuphazamiseka okubandakanyiweyo kule candelo:

Ukukhathazeka kwesifo seSomatic kubandakanya ukukhathazeka ngempawu zomzimba ezenza kube nzima ukusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo. Ukukhathazeka kweziimpawu kubangela ukukhathazeka kwengqondo kunye nobunzima bokujongana nobomi bemihla ngemihla.

Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba iimpawu ze-somatic azibonakali ukuba umntu uyabangela intlungu yakhe, ukukhathala okanye ezinye iimpawu. Kule meko, ayikho impawu ebonakalayo ephazamisayo yobomi bomntu njengoko kuthethwa ngokugqithiseleyo kunye neziphumo zokuziphatha.
Isifo sokukhathazeka kwesifo sibonakala ngokuxhalabisa ngokugqithiseleyo malunga nokuba nesifo sengqondo esingaziwa. Abo bafumana le ngxaki yengqondo bakhathazeke ngokugqithiseleyo ngemisebenzi yomzimba kunye neengqondo, bayaqiniseka ukuba banako okanye baya kufumana isifo esibalulekileyo, kwaye abaqinisekanga xa iimvavanyo zonyango zibuya zingekho.

Le nkxalabo yokugula ibangele uxhalaba kunye nexinzelelo. Kwakhona kukhokelela ekutshintsheni ekuphatheni okufana nokufuna uvavanyo lwezonyango / unyango kunye nokuphepha iimeko ezingabangela umngcipheko wempilo.
Ingxaki yokuguquka ibandakanya ukufumana imoto okanye iimpawu zengqondo ezingenayo i-neurological or medical explanation. Kwiimeko ezininzi, i-disorder ilandela ukulimala okwenyama okanye ukukhathazeka nokuba oko kubangela ukuba uphendule ngokwengqondo nangokomzwelo.
Inkathazo eyiyo , eyasetyenziswa ukuba ibe neyodwa, ngoku iqulethwe phantsi kwesifo se-somatic kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene ne-DSM-5. Ingxaki eyenzekayo xa umntu edala ngokuzikhethela, edibanisa okanye egxininisa iimpawu zokugula. I-Munchausen syndrome, apho abantu babonakalisa ukugula ukukhangela ingqalelo, yinto enye enzima yokugula.

7 - Ukuphazamiseka nokutya kwezidlo

ukucacisa / ukufumana imifanekiso ye-Getty Images

Iziphazamiso zokutya zibonakaliswa zizixhalabungqeleko kunye nokuphazamiseka kweepatheni zokutya ezichaphazela kakubi impilo yomzimba nengqondo. Ukutya kunye nokutya okuye kwafunyanwa ukufunyaniswa ngexesha lokusana kunye nobuntwana sele kuhanjiswe kuloluhlu kwi-DSM-5.

Iintlobo zokuphazamiseka kokutya ziquka:

Anorexia nervosa ibonakaliswe ukusetyenziswa kokutya okukhuselekileyo okukhokelela ekulahlekeni kwesisindo kunye nokunyuka komzimba. Abo bafumana le ngxaki banokukhathazeka kunye nokwesaba kokufumana ubunzima kunye nembono ephosakeleyo yokubonakala kwabo nokuziphatha kwabo.
I-Bulimia nervosa ibandakanya ukudibanisa kwaye emva koko uthathe amanyathelo angqongqo ukuze uhlawule ezi binges. Ezi ziphatha zokuhlawulela zibandakanya ukuhlanza okuzenzekelayo, ukusetyenziswa kakubi kwelaxatives okanye i-diuretics, kunye nokuzivocavoca ngokweqile.
Ingxaki yokuhluthwa ibonakaliswe ngokuhlaziywa kwangaphambili ekufunyenwe okanye ekugwinyiweyo ukutya ukuze ichithe okanye iphinde iyiphele. Uninzi lwabantu abachaphazelekayo yi-disorder ngabantwana okanye abantu abadala abanokubambezeleka kokuphuhliswa okanye ukukhubazeka kwengqondo. Iingxaki ezongezelelweyo ezinokubangelwa kule mpawu ziquka ukubola kwamazinyo, izilonda zesisu kunye nokungondleki.
I-Pica iquka ukunqwenela nokudla izinto ezingezona ukutya ezifana nokungcola, upende, okanye isepha. Isifo esininzi sichaphazela kakhulu abantwana kunye nalabo abanokukhubazeka okuphuhlisayo.
I-Binge-disord disorder yaqala ukufakwa kwi-DSM-5 kwaye ibandakanye iziqephu zokutya okudliwayo apho umntu edla imali enkulu ngokungapheliyo kweeyure ezimbalwa. Abantu abadliyo kuphela, nangona kunjalo, bavakalelwa kukuba abanakho ukulawula ukutya kwabo. Ukutya okutyayo iziqwenga ngamanye amaxesha kubangelwa yimvakalelo ethile efana nokonwabile okanye ukuxhalabisa, ngokunyamezela okanye ukulandela iziganeko ezixinzezelayo.

8 - Ukulala - Iziphazamiso zokuVuka

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Iziphazamiso zokulala zibandakanya ukuphazamiseka kwimizekelo yokulala ekhokelela ekubandezelekeni kwaye ichaphazela ukusebenza komsebenzi.

Imizekelo yokuphazamiseka kokulala:

Ukuqhaqhaqhayisa yimeko apho abantu bafumana isidingo esingalawulekiyo sokulala. Abantu abanesifo se-narcolepsy banokuphulukana ngokukhawuleza kwetoni ye-muscle.
Ukugula ngengxaki yokungazinzi kubandakanya ukungakwazi ukulala ngokwaneleyo ukuziva uphumle. Nangona bonke abantu befumana ubunzima bokulala kunye nokuphazamiseka ngethuba elithile, ukulala ngenxa yokungazinzi kubonwa njengengxaki xa ihamba nexinzelelo okanye ukuphazamiseka okwedlula ixesha.
I-hypersomnolence disorder ibonakala ngokulala ngokugqithiseleyo emini okanye ukulala ubusuku obude. Abantu abaneli meko bangalala ngexesha lemihla kumaxesha angafanelekanga njengomsebenzi wesikolo. Ukongezelela kokulala ngokugqithiseleyo, abantu abane-hypersomnolence banokuziva banenkxalabo, iingxaki zeememori, ukulahleka kwesidlo, ukucinga okucothayo kunye nokuphazanyiswa xa bevuka.
Izifo zokulala ezihlobene nokuphefumula ziquka ukuphazamiseka kokuphefumula kubandakanya ukulala kwe-apnea nokulala okungapheliyo okungenzeka ngexesha lokulala. Ezi ngxaki zokuphefumula zingabangela ukuphazamiseka okufutshane ebuthongweni obungakhokelela kwezinye iingxaki kuquka ukulala nokulala.
I-Parasomnias ibandakanya iziphazamiso ezibonisa ukuziphatha okungavamile okwenzeka ngexesha lokulala. Izifo ezinjalo ziquka ukulala, ukulala, ukulala ukuthetha, nokulala.
Imilenze yesifo esingenasiphelo iimeko ezinengqondo ezibandakanya ukuvakalelwa kwintlungu emilenzeni kunye nomnqweno ongenakunqandeka wokuhambisa imilenze ukwenzela ukuba unciphise iimvakalelo. Abantu abanalo meko banokuziva bezama ukukhwela, ukunyuka, ukutshisa kunye nokunyuka kweentlungu emilenzeni yabo ngenxa yokunyakaza okugqithiseleyo okuphazamisa ukulala.

Iziphazamiso zokulala ezinxulumene nezinye izifo zengqondo kwakunye nokuphazamiseka kokulala ezihlobene nezimo zonyango jikelele ziye zisuswe kwi-DSM-5. Ukushicilelwa kwangoko kwe-DSM kunika ngakumbi ugxininiso kwiimeko ezihlala kuzo zonke izifo zokulala.

Olu tshintsho, i-APA ichaza, "igxininisa ukuba umntu unesifo sokulala esilungelelanisa ingqalelo yekliniki eyimfuneko, ngaphezu kweyiphi na ingxaki yezokwelapha kunye nengqondo ekhoyo, kwaye iyavuma imiphumo emibizo kunye neempembelelo phakathi kokuphazamiseka kokulala kunye nokuhlala kunye nezifo zengqondo kunye nengqondo . "

9 - Ukuphazamiseka, ukuLawula umfutho, kunye nokuPhatha kwemiqathango

Umthombo wesithombe / i-Getty Izithombe

Iziphazamiso zokulawulwa komngcipheko yilezo zibandakanya ukungakwazi ukulawula iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha, okubangele ukuzilimaza wena okanye abanye. Ezi ngxaki zemiqathango yokuziphatha ngokomzwelo kunye nokuziphatha zibonakaliswa ngezenzo eziphula amalungelo abo njengokuba kutshabalalisa ipropati okanye ulwaphulo lomzimba kunye / okanye ezo zingqubana nemimiselo yoluntu, izibalo zamagunya kunye nemithetho.

Iintlobo zengxaki yokulawula ingqondo:

I-Kleptomania ibandakanya ukungakwazi ukulawula umgudu wokuba. Abantu abaye bahlala kleptomania baya kubamba izinto abazidingayo ngokwenene okanye abangenayo imali yangempela yemali. Labo abanalo meko bafumana ukuxhatshazwa kokunciphisa ngaphambi kokuba benze ubusela kwaye bazive bekhululekile kwaye baneliseke emva koko.
I-Pyromania ibandakanya ukutyekela ngomlilo okubangele izenzo zomlilo-eziqala ukubeka ingozi kwabanye kunye nobungozi.
Ingxaki engapheliyo yokuphazamiseka ingabonakaliswa ngokukhawuleza kwengqumbo nobudlova obungenalo yimeko. Abantu abanalesi sifo banokungena kwiindawo ezivuthayo okanye izenzo ezinobundlobongela ekuphenduleni imihla ngemihla okanye ukuphoxeka.
Ukuqhuba ingxaki yimeko efunyenwe kubantwana nakwishumi elivisayo elingaphantsi kweminyaka eyi-18 abahlala bephula imigangatho yoluntu namalungelo abanye. Abantwana abanolu daba babonisa ubugwenxa kubantu nasezilwaneni, bachithe ipropati, bathe kwaye bakhohlise, baze baphule imithetho nemithetho. Ezi ziphatha zibangele iingxaki ezibalulekileyo kwimfundo yomntwana, umsebenzi, okanye ukusebenza kwentlalo.
Ingxaki yokuchasana iyaqala ngaphambi kweminyaka eyi-18 kwaye ibonakala ngokunyaniseka, ukucaphuka, umsindo, ukugonywa, nokuchasana. Nangona zonke iifana ziziphatha kakubi ngamanye amaxesha, abantwana abaneentsholongwane ezichasileyo banqabanga ukuthobela izicelo zabantu abadala kumalunga onke amaxesha kunye nokuzibandakanya ekuziphatheni ukuze bacaphukise abanye ngamabomu.

I-10-Izidakamizwa ezinxulumene neziyobisi kunye neengxaki zoLungiso

Bounce / Getty Izithombe

Izifo ezinxulumene neziyobisi zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa nokusetyenziswa kakubi kwezinto ezifana ne-cocaine, i-methamphetamine, i-opiates kunye notywala. Ezi ngxaki zingabandakanya izimo ezibangelwa yizinto ezinokubangela izifo ezininzi ezinxulumene nokubandakanya ukuxhala, ukuhoxiswa, ukuvela kweengqondo, ukuxhalaba kunye nesondlo.

Imizekelo yezifo ezinxulumene neziyobisi:

Izifo ezinxulumene notywala zibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kotywala, izidakamizwa ezisetyenziswa kakhulu (kwaye zixhaphazwa rhoqo) eUnited States.
Izifo ezinxulumene ne-Cannabis ziquka iimpawu ezifana nokusebenzisa okungaphezulu kunokuba zenzelwe okokuqala, ukuziva unako ukuyeka ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa, kwaye uqhubeke usebenzisa ngaphandle kwemiphumo emibi ebomini bomntu.
Ingxaki yokusebenzisa i-inhalant iquka ukuxubha imfutha kwizinto ezifana neepende okanye i-solvents. Njengokuba kunjalo nezinye izifo ezinxulumene neziyobisi, abantu abaneli meko bafumana iiminqweno zexabiso kwaye bakuthola kunzima ukulawula okanye ukuyeka ukubandakanya ukuziphatha.
Ukusetyenziswa kwengxaki eshukumisayo kuyisigaba esitsha esifumaneka kwi-DSM-5 ebandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezikhuthazo ezifana neemeth, amphetamines kunye ne-cocaine.
Ukusetyenziswa komgudu wokusetyenziswa kotywala kubonakaliswe yimpawu ezifana nokudla icuba ngakumbi kunokuba kuhlosiwe, kunzima ukusika okanye ukuyeka, ukuthanda, kunye nokubandezeleka kwemiphumo yabantu ngenxa yokusetyenziswa kwecuba.

I-DSM-5 nayo ibandakanya ukungcakaza komngcingo phantsi kwesi sigaba. I-American Psychiatric Association ichaza ukuba olu tshintsho "lubonakalisa ubungqina obukhulayo kunye obunjalo bokuthi ukuziphatha, njengokugembula, kusebenze inkqubo yesiphumo yengqondo kunye nemiphumo efana neyobisi yobundlobongela kwaye ukuba imingcipheko yesifo sengxaki ibonakala njengento yokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kwizinga elithile . "

11 - Iingxaki ze-Neurocognitive

Andrew Bret Wallis / Getty Izithombe

Iziphazamiso ze-neurocognitive zibonakaliswe yimiphumo efunyenweyo kwimisebenzi yokuqonda. Ezi ntlupheko azibandakanyi nalabo abangenakho ukuqonda ukukhubazeka xa bezalwa okanye beselula.

Iintlobo zeengxaki zengqondo ziquka:

I-Delirium , eyaziwa ngokuba yindawo edidekileyo yokudideka, eqhubeka ngexesha elifutshane (ngokuqhelekileyo iiyure ezimbalwa okanye iintsuku ezimbalwa) kwaye ibonakaliswe ukuphazamiseka ekuqwalaselweni nasekuqaphelisweni.
Iziphazamiso ezinkulu kunye neengxaki ze-neurocognitive zineenkalo eziphambili zokufumana ukuncipha kwengqondo kwiindawo enye okanye ezininzi kuquka imemori, ingqwalasela, ulwimi, ukufunda nokuqonda. Ezi ngxaki zengqondo zingenziwa ngenxa yeemeko zonyango kuquka isifo se-Alzheimer, ukusuleleka kwe-HIV, isifo sika-Parkinson, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi / izigulane, isifo se-vascular, kunye nabanye.

12 - Ukuphazamiseka komntu

mammamaart / Getty Izithombe

Ukuphazamiseka komntu kubonakaliswa ngumbono oqhubekayo weengcamango ezingathandekiyo, iimvakalelo kunye nokuziphatha okungabangela ingozi enkulu kwimibutho kunye nezinye iindawo zokuphila.

Iintlobo zeengxaki zobuntu ziquka:

Inkathazo yabantu yobuntu ibonakaliswa yinto edeleyo yokungahoywa imithetho, iinkqubo zentlalo kunye namalungelo abanye. Abantu abanalesi sifo baqala ukubonakalisa iimpawu ebuntwaneni, banzima ukuziva uvelwano kwabanye, kunye nokungaxolisi ngokuziphatha kwabo okunokonakalisa.
Ukukhuseleka komntu ukuphazamiseka komntu kubandakanya ukukhuseleka kwezenhlalakahle kunye nokuzwela ukugatywa. Iimvakalelo ezinjalo zokungaqiniseki zikhokelela kwiingxaki ezibalulekileyo ngobomi bomntu ngamnye kunye nokusebenza.
Umngcipheko wobuntu obunemida- mali udibene neempawu eziquka ukungazinzi ngokomzimba, ubudlelwane obuzinzileyo kunye nobudlelwane obudityanisiweyo, ukuzithoba komzimba kunye nokuziphatha okungazenzisiyo.
Ukuxhatshazwa komntu oxhomekeke kumntu kubandakanya umzekelo ongapheliyo wokwesaba ukwahlukana kunye nesidingo esinyanisekileyo sokunyamekelwa. Abantu abanolu bungozi baya kuhlala bebandakanyeka ekuziphatheni eziye zenzelwe ukuvelisa izenzo zenyameko kwabanye.
Ingxaki yomntu we-Histrionic idibene neepatheni zengqondo ephezulu kunye neendlela zokufuna ingqalelo. Abantu abanalo meko baziva bengakhululekile kwizicwangciso apho bengabikho nkxalabo, banokuguquka ngokukhawuleza iimvakalelo, kwaye banokuzibandakanya kwiimpawu ezingalunganga zoluntu ezenzelwe ukutsala ingqalelo kwabanye.
Inkathazo yobuntu be-Narcissistic idibene nomzekelo ohlala uhlala ucinga ukuzithiba, ukuzimela, kunye novelwano olunzulu. Abantu abanalo mqathango banomdla ngakumbi kunabo.
Ingxaki yokunyamekela komntu yinkqubo yongxowankulu yinkqubo ebanzi yokukhathazeka ngokulungelelaniswa, ukuphelela ukuphelela, ukungathinteki, kunye nokulawulwa kwengqondo kunye nokuziphatha. Le yimeko ehlukile kunengxaki yokunyanzelisa i-OCD).
Ukuphazamiseka komntu weParanoid kubonakala ngokungathembeki kwabanye, kwintsapho, kubahlobo kunye nabalingani bomtshato. Abantu abanolu bungozi baqonda ezinye iinjongo ezinjengobugwenxa, kungekho naluphi na ubungqina okanye ubulungisa.
Ingxaki yesimo se-Schizoid ibandakanya iimpawu ezibandakanya ukuxhatshazwa kobudlelwano boluntu. Abantu abanolu bungozi bajoliswe kubomi babo bangaphakathi kwaye bahlala bengenamdla kwezobudlelwane. Ngokuqhelekileyo babonisa ukungabikho kwengqondo kwaye bangabonakala bebandayo.
I-Schizotypal ubuntwabungqina buntu bunobungakanani bentetho kwiintetho, ukuziphatha, ukubonakala kunye nengcamango. Abantu abaneli meko banokufumana iinkolelo ezingaqhelekanga okanye "ukucinga kwemilingo" kunye nobunzima bokudala ubudlelwane.

ILizwi

Izifo zengqondo zingabangela ukuphazamiseka kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla, ubudlelwane, umsebenzi, isikolo kunye nezinye iindawo ezibalulekileyo. Ngoxilongo olufanelekileyo kunye noonyango, abantu banokufumana ukukhululeka kwiimpawu zabo baze bafumane iindlela zokuhlangabezana ngokufanelekileyo.

> Imithombo:

> I-American Psychiatry Association. I-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities (5th ed.). Arlington: Ukushicilela kwe-Psychiatric yaseMerika; 2013.

> I-American Psychiatric Association. Iimbali eziphambili zeenguqu ezivela kwi-DSM-IV-TR ukuya kwi-DSM-5; 2013.