Ichaphazela njani ukuziphatha?
Ukuhambelana kuquka ukutshintsha iimpawu zakho ukuze "ulungele" okanye "hamba" kunye nabantu abakungeenxa. Kwezinye iimeko, le ntembeko yentlalo ingabandakanya ukuvumelana okanye ukwenza njengabantu abaninzi kwiqela elithile, okanye kunokubandakanya ukuziphatha ngendlela ethile ukuze kuqondwe "njengesiqhelo" liqela.
Iinkcazo
Iingcali zengqondo ziye zaphakamisa iintlobo zeenkcazo zokubandakanya impembelelo yentlalo ehambelanayo.
Okubalulekileyo, ukuhambelana nokubandakanya ukunikela kwixinzelelo lweqela. Ezinye iinguqulelo ziquka:
- "Ukuhambelana nombono ogqithiseleyo kwaye ubhekisela kuyo nayiphi na inguqu ekuphatheni okubangelwa omnye umntu okanye iqela; umntu wenza ngendlela ethile ngenxa yempembelelo kwabanye. ukubhekisela kwimiphumo yabanye abantu kwiingcinga zangaphakathi ezifana nezimo zengqondo okanye iinkolelo ... Ukuvumelana kufaka ukuthobela nokuthobela kuba ibhekisela kuyo nayiphi na indlela yokuziphatha eyenzeka ngenxa yempembelelo yabanye - kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni uhlobo lempembelelo. "
(Breckler, Olson, & Wiggins, i- Social Psychology Alive, 2006) - "Ukunyaniseka kunokuchazwa njengokuvumela ukunyanzeliswa kweqela, into ephantse kuthi sonke senze ixesha elithile. Masithi, umzekelo, uya kunye nabahlobo ukuba ubone ifilimu. Abahlobo bakho bacinga ukuba kwakuyinto enhle kakhulu. Unokuba ulingwa ukuba uvumelane ngokuzenza uvumelane nesigwebo sabo kwifilimu kunokuba ungabonakali. " (Eysenck, Psychology: Umbono wamazwe ngamazwe, 2004)
Kutheni Sifumene?
Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba abantu bahambelana ngezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukujonga kwelinye iqela kwiinkcukacha zendlela esifanele siziphathe ngayo kunokuba luncedo. Abanye abantu banokuba nolwazi olunzulu okanye amava kunokuba senze, ngoko ukulandela ukukhokela kwabo kunokuba bafundise.
Kwezinye iziganeko, siyavumelana nezilindelo zeqela ukwenzela ukuphepha ukujonga ubuwula. Olu tyekelo luya kuba lukhulu kwiimeko apho asiqinisekanga ukuba senze ntoni okanye ukuba ziphi na izinto ezilindelekileyo.
I-Deutsch kunye noGerard (1955) bafumanisa izizathu ezibini zokuba abantu bahambelane: impembelelo yolwazi kunye nempembelelo yendalo.
Impembelelo yolwazi lwenzeka xa abantu batshintsha ukuziphatha kwabo ukuze bachane. Kwiimeko apho singaqinisekanga ngeempendulo ezichanekileyo, sisoloko sijonge kwabanye abanolwazi olunolwazi kwaye banolwazi kwaye basebenzise ukukhokela kwabo njengesikhokelo sethu sokuziphatha. Kwimeko yokufunda eklasini, umzekelo, oku kungabandakanya ukuvumelana nezigwebo zomnye umfundi ofunda naye onokuqonda.
Impembelelo eqhelekileyo ibangelwa ngumnqweno wokugweba izigwebo (ezifana nokuhambelana nemigaqo kwiklasi nangona ungavumelani nawo) kwaye uzuze umvuzo (njengokuziphatha ngendlela ethile ukuze wenze abantu bathande).
Iintlobo
Njengoko kuthethwe ngaphambili, iimpembelelo eziqhelekileyo kunye nolwazi zimbini iintlobo ezibalulekileyo zokuhambelana, kodwa kukho nezinye izizathu ezenza sihambisane. Ezi zilandelayo zizinye zeentlobo ezinkulu zokuthobela.
- Ukuvumelana ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanya ukuguqula indlela yokuziphatha ukuze uhambelane neqela.
- Ukuthotyelwa kolwazi kwenzeka xa umntu engenalo ulwazi kwaye ekhangele iqela ngolwazi kunye nolwalathiso.
- Ukuchonga kwenzeka xa abantu bavumelana noko kukulindeleke kubo ngokusekelwe kwiimbopheleleko zabo zentlalo. I-Zimbardo ebizwa ngokuba yi- Stanford Prison Experiment ngumzekelo omhle wabantu abaguqula indlela abaziphatha ngayo ukuze bahambisane neendima zabo ezilindelekileyo.
- Ukuthobela kukubandakanya ukuguqula indlela yokuziphatha ngenkqubela ngaphakathi kungavumelani neqela.
- Ukungena ngaphakathi kwenzeka xa sitshintsha indlela esiziphatha ngayo kuba sifuna ukufana nomnye umntu.
Uphando novavanyo
Ukuvumelana nento eyenzeka rhoqo kwiihlabathi zethu zentlalo. Ngamanye amaxesha siyazi ngokuziphatha kwethu, kodwa kwiimeko ezininzi, kwenzeka ngaphandle kokucinga okanye ukuqonda kwiindawo zethu. Kwezinye iimeko, sihamba kunye nezinto esingavumelaniyo okanye siziphathe ngendlela esingazi ukuba asifanele. Ezinye zezilingo ezaziwa kakhulu kwi-psychology of conformity zijongene nabantu abahamba kunye neqela, nangona baqonda ukuba iqela liphosakele.
- I-Jenness ka-1932 Ingqiqo: Kwesinye sezilingo zokuqala ngokulandelelana, uJenness wabuza abadlali ukuba baqikelele inani leembotyi ebhotile. Baqala ukuqikelela ukuba inani ngalinye kwaye kamva njengeqela. Emva kokuba bebuzwa njengeqela, babuya babuzwa kwakhona ngabanye kwaye uvavanyo lwafumanisa ukuba ukuqikelelwa kwabo kushintshile ekuqaliseni kwabo kwasekuqaleni ukuya kufutshane nantoni na amanye amalungu eqela ayeqikelele.
- Iingqapheli zeempembelelo ze-Sherif's Autokinetic: Kuluhlu lweemvavanyo, uMzafer Sherif wacela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba baqikelele ukuba kude kangakanani indawo yecala lokukhanya egumbini elimnyama. Enyanisweni, idizayini yayisigxina, kodwa kubonakala ngathi ihamba ngenxa yento eyaziwa ngokuba yimpembelelo ye-autokinetic. Okubalulekileyo, ukunyakaza okufutshane kwamehlo kwenza ukuba kubonakale ukuba indawo encinane yokukhanya ihamba egumbini elimnyama. Xa ebuzwa ngabanye, iimpendulo zabathathi-nxaxheba ziyahlukahluka kakhulu. Xa bebuzwa njengenxalenye yeqela, kunjalo, uSherif ufumene ukuba iimpendulo zidibene nentsingiselo ephakathi. Iziphumo zikaSherif zibonise ukuba kwimiba embi, abantu baya kuhambelana neqela, umzekelo wempembelelo yolwazi.
- Iingcamango zokuQiniseka kweAsch : Kuloludwetho lwezilingo ezidumileyo, isazi sengqondo sezinto uSolomon Asch wacela ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bazalise into ababekholelwa ukuba yinto elula yokuqonda. Baye bacelwa ukuba bakhethe umgca ohambelana nobungakanani bemizila emithathu eyahlukileyo. Xa ebuziwe ngabanye, abathathi-nxaxheba bayakukhetha umgca ochanekileyo. Xa ebuzwa phambi kwama-Confederates ababekulo vavanyo kwaye abakhethileyo ngamagama ngamanqaku angafanelekanga, malunga nama-75 ekhulwini abathathi-nxaxheba bahambelana neqela ubuncinane kanye. Lo mzamo ngumzekelo omhle wempembelelo eqhelekileyo; abathathi-nxaxheba batshintshe impendulo yabo kwaye bahambelana neqela ukuze bazinye kwaye baphephe ukuma ngaphandle.
Izinto ezichaphazelekayo
- Ubunzima bomsebenzi: Imisebenzi enzima inokukhokelela kokubili ukwandiswa nokunciphisa ukuhambelana. Ukungazi indlela yokwenza umsebenzi obunzima kwenza abantu banakho ukuthobela, kodwa ubunzima obunokuthi banokwenza abantu bafumane ukwamkela iimpendulo ezahlukileyo, okukhokelela ekuhambeni okuncinane.
- Ukwahlukana komntu ngamnye: iimpawu zomntu ezifana nokukhuthaza ukufezekiswa kunye nobuchule obunkokheli obuqinileyo bunxulumene nokunyaniseka okuthe tye.
- Ubungakanani beqela: Abantu banokukwazi ukuhambelana kwiemeko ezibandakanya phakathi kwabanye abathathu nabanye abahlanu.
- Iimpawu zeso simo: Abantu banokukwazi ukuhambelana neemeko ezingenakwenzeka apho bengacacanga malunga nendlela abafanele bayiphendule ngayo.
- Ulwahlulo lwenkcubeko: Abaphandi baye bafumanisa ukuba abantu abavela kwimimandla yenkcubeko bahlanganiselwe.
U mzekelo
- Intombazana igqoke kwisitayela esithile kuba ufuna ukuhambelana nabo bonke abafana kwiqela lakhe lentlalontle.
- Umntu oneminyaka engama-20 ubudala ophuza abafundi basekholejini kwiqela elikhohlakeleyo ngenxa yokuba bonke abahlobo bakhe benza kwaye akafuni ukuba ngumntu ongeyonto.
- Umfazi ufunda incwadi yakhe yebhulabhu yeencwadi kwaye uyayithanda kakhulu. Xa efika kwintlanganiso yakhe yebhuki yebhuku, amanye amalungu awayithandi le ncwadi. Kunokuba aphikisane nembono yeqela, uvele nje avume nabanye ukuba le ncwadi yayiyikrakra.
- Umfundi akaqinisekanga ngempendulo kumbuzo othize owenziwe ngu titshala. Xa omnye umfundi eklasini enika impendulo, umfundi odidekile uyavumelana neempendulo ekukholelwa ukuba omnye umfundi unengqiqo kwaye unolwazi olungcono.
Unokuba unomdla kulezi zihloko:
Iingcali ezininzi zeengqondo: I-Psychology Dictionary
Iingxelo:
Asch, SE (1951). Iimpembelelo zengcinezelo yeqela phezu kokuguqulwa nokuphazamiseka kwezigwebo. Ngo-H. Guetzkow (Umhla.), AmaQela, iNkokheli kunye naMadoda. Pittsburg, PA: UCarnegie Press.
Breckler, SJ, Olson, JM, & Wiggins, EC (2006). I-Psychology Social. EBelmont, CA: I-Cengage Learning.
Eysenck, MW (2004). I-Psychology: I-Perspective International. INew York: I-Psychology Press, LTD.
Jenness, A. (1932). Indima yengxoxo ekutshintsheni imbono malunga nombakala wenyaniso. I-Journal ye-Psychology engaqhelekanga kunye neNtlalo, 27 , 279-296.
USherif, M. (1935). Uphononongo lwezinto ezithile zentlalo ekuboneni. I-Archives ye-Psychology, 27 , 187.