UPhuhliso lweeNzululwazi
Abantu bahamba ngeenguqu ezininzi kwixesha lobomi babo. Uphuhliso luchaza ukukhula kwabantu ngexesha lokuphila kwabo, ukusuka ekukhulelwe kuze kube sekufeni. Iingcali zeengqondo zizama ukuqonda nokucacisa indlela kwaye kutheni abantu batshintsha ubomi. Ngelixa uninzi lwezi nguqu ziqhelekileyo kwaye zilindelwe, zisenokujamelana nemingeni abanye abantu abafuna uncedo olungakumbi lokulawula.
Ngokuqonda inkqubo yophuhliso oluqhelekileyo, ootitshala bangcono ukukwazi ukubona iingxaki ezinokubakho kwaye banikeze ukungenelela kwangaphambili oku kunokubangela iziphumo ezingcono.
Iingcali zengqondo zentuthuko zingasebenzisana nabantu beeminyaka yonke ukuphatha imiba kunye nenkxaso yokuxhasa, nangona abanye bakhetha ukuxhomekeka kwindawo ethile njengobuntwaneni, ukukhula kwabantu abadala okanye ukuguga.
Yintoni ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo?
Ingqondo yengqondo yisebe yeengqondo ejolise kwindlela abantu bakhula ngayo kwaye batshintshe kwixesha lokuphila. Abo baxhomekeke kule ntsimi abaxhatshazwa kuphela neenguqu ezenzekayo xa abantu bekhula; Kwakhona bajonga ukuphuhliswa kwezentlalo, ukukhathazeka, kunye nokuqonda okuqhubekayo kubomi.
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Ziziphi izigaba zeFreud of Development Psychosex?
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Iingqungquthela zikaErikson kunye neeFreud zithelekisa njani?
Ezinye zezinto ezininzi eziphuhlisayo zeengqondo zengqondo zinokunceda izigulane zijongane nazo zibandakanya:
- phuhliso lwezakhono
- ukufumana ulwimi
- phuhliso lwengqondo
- ukuvela kokwazi nokuziqonda
- ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo phakathi nobuntwaneni kunye nobomi
- ezentlalo kunye nefuthe ekukhuleni kwabantwana
- uphuhliso lomntu
- yokuqiqa
- imingeni yophuhliso kunye nokukhubazeka kokufunda
Ezi zengcali zichithe ixesha elide liphanda kwaye liqwalasela indlela ezi nkqubo zenzeka ngayo phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo, kodwa banomdla wokufunda ngezinto ezinokuphazamisa iinkqubo zophuhliso.
Ngokuqonda kangcono indlela kunye nokuba kutheni abantu batshintsha kwaye bakhule, olu lwazi lungasetyenziswa ekuncedeni abantu ukuba baphile ngokusemandleni abo. Ukuqonda inkqubela yokuphuhliswa komntu kunye nokuqonda iingxaki ezinokuqala kusenokuba kubalulekile ukuba iingxaki ezingathuthukiyo zingabangela ubunzima bokuxinezeleka, ukuzithemba , ukukhungatheka nokuphumelela esikolweni.
Iingcali zeengqondo ziphuhlise ngokuphindaphindiweyo zisebenzisa inani leengcamango ukucinga ngemibandela eyahlukeneyo yophuhliso loluntu. Ngokomzekelo, isazi sengqondo sokuvavanya ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo kumntwana sinokuyicinga ngemfundiso kaPagag yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo , echazwe iinqanaba eziphambili abantwana abahamba ngazo njengoko bafunda. I-psychologist esebenzayo nomntwana ingaphinda ifune ukuqwalasela indlela ulwalamano lwabantwana kunye nabanakekeli abachaphazela ngayo ukuziphatha kwakhe, ngoko ke inkcazo kaBilllby ye -attachment ingaba yinto ebalulekileyo yokuqwalasela.
Iingcali zeengqondo nazo zinomdla ekujongeni indlela ubudlelwane beentlalontle bathonya ngayo uphuhliso lwabantwana kunye nabantu abadala.
Ingcamango ka-Erikson yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kunye nenkolelo kaVygotsky yentuthuko yezenzo zentlalo yimiba mibini eyaziwayo yoluhlu olujongene nempembelelo yentlalo kwinkqubo yophuhliso. Inkqubo nganye ixininisa ukuxininisa iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso ezifana nezengqondo, ezentlalo, okanye ezithandwayo zabazali ngendlela abantwana bakhula ngayo kunye nenkqubela phambili.
Xa Wena (okanye Umntwana Wakho) unokufuna IsiCwangciso seengqondo
Ngexesha lophuhliso ludla ukulandela umzekelo onokuqikelelwa, kukho amaxesha apho izinto zingase zihambe. Abazali bavame ukugxila kwizinto ezibizwa ngokuba yimpumelelo , ezibonisa ubuchule obuninzi lwaba bantwana abavame ukuboniswa ngumbono othile ekuphuhliseni. Ezi zijolise ngokukodwa kwimiba emine eyahlukileyo: izixhobo zengqondo , ezengqondo , ezentlalo / ezemvakalelo , kunye nezonxibelelwano . Ngokomzekelo, ukuhamba ngumbimbi owodwa ophezulu ngokwenene abantwana abaninzi bafikelela kwithuba elithile phakathi kweminyaka eyi-9 neye-15. Ukuba umntwana engazange ahambe okanye azame ukuhamba ngeenyanga ezili-16 ukuya kwezi-18, abazali bangacinga ukubonisana nodokotela wabo weentsapho ukuchonga ukuba ngaba umcimbi wophuhliso ungaba khona.
Nangona bonke abantwana bekhula ngamaxabiso ahlukeneyo, xa umntwana engaphumeleli ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho ethile yexesha elide, kunokubakho isizathu sokukhathazeka. Ngokuqaphela ezi zinto zibalulekileyo, abazali banokufuna uncedo kunye nabaqeqeshi bezempilo banganikela ngoncedo olungancedisa abantwana ukuba banqobe ukulibaziseka kokuphuhliswa.
Iingcali zengqondo zentuthuko zinokunika inkxaso kubantu ngabanye kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi abanokujamelana neemeko zophuhliso okanye iingxaki ezinxulumene nokuguga. Ezi ngcali zivame ukuvavanya abantwana ukuba zichonge ukuba ngaba kubakho ukulibaziseka okuphuhliswayo, okanye banokusebenza kunye nezigulane ezisebekhulile ezijongene nokukhathazeka kwezempilo ezinxulumene nokuguga okunjengokuncipha kwengqondo, ukuxhatshazwa ngokwenyama, ubunzima beemeko okanye ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo.
Ukukhathazeka Unokujamelana Nezigaba Ezihlukeneyo zoPhuhliso
Njengoko unokucinga, abaphathi beengqondo bahlala bephuhlisa uphuhliso ngokuphathelele kwizigaba ezahlukeneyo zobomi. Ngalinye la maxesha okuphuhliswa limela ixesha apho amaxesha amanqanaba ahlukeneyo atholakala khona.
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Yiyiphi iSiteorimotor Step of Development Cognitive?
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Ziziphi ezinye iingcamango zoPhuhliso lwabantwana?
Abantu banokujamelana nemingeni ethile kumbandela ngamnye, kwaye iingcali zengqondo zentuthuko zihlala zibanceda abantu abanokuba neengxaki zokubuyela emva kwendlela.
Ukubeleka komntwana: Isikhathi sokubeleka sinomdla kwintuthuko yengqondo yengqondo efuna ukuqonda indlela okuphambili ngayo ukuphuhliswa kukuchaphazela ukukhula kancinci ebuntwaneni. Iingcali zengqondo zijongana nendlela i-reflexes ephambili evela ngayo ngaphambi kokuzalwa, indlela abantwana abasabela ngayo kwisisu, kunye neengcinga kunye nemibono yokuba abantwana bayakwazi ukuyijonga ngaphambi kokuzalwa. Iingcali zengqondo zentuthuko nazo zijongene neengxaki ezinokuthi zingaphantsi kwe-Down syndrome, ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi zentsapho kunye nezifo ezizuze njengefa, ezinokuba nefuthe kwikamva lokuphuhliswa kwexesha elizayo.
Ubuntwana bokuqala: Ixesha ukususela ebusaneni kusebuntwaneni kubantwana bokukhula kunye nokutshintsha okuphawulekayo. Iingcali zengqondo zentuthuko zijonge izinto ezifana nokukhula komzimba, ukuqonda kunye nokunyuka okwenzekayo ngexesha lexesha eliphambili lophuhliso. Ukongezelela ekuboneleleni ngoncedo malunga neengxaki zokuphuhliswa kwezi ndawo, iingqondo zeengqondo zijolise ekuncedeni abantwana ukuba bafezekise amandla abo. Abazali kunye neengcali zonyango zihlala zikhangelekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba abantwana bayakhula ngokufanelekileyo, befumana ukutya okwaneleyo, kunye nokufikelela kwiziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezinokwenene.
Umntwana ophakathi: Eli xesha lophuhliso liphawulwe ngokukhula komzimba kunye nokubaluleka kokwanda kweempembelelo zentlalo njengoko abantwana behamba ngendlela yesikolo sokuqala. Abantwana baqala ukwenza uphawu lwabo kwihlabathi njengoko bakha ubungane, bafumane ubuchule ngemisebenzi yesikolo, kwaye baqhubeke nokwakha ingqiqo yabo. Abazali banokufuna uncedo lwengqondo kwengqondo ekuncedeni abantwana ukuba bajongane neengxaki ezinokuthi zivele kule minyaka zibandakanya imiba yoluntu, imvakalelo kunye nempilo yengqondo.
Ubutsha: Iminyaka yeshumi elivisayo ixhomekeke kunomdla omkhulu njengoko abantwana bafumana ingxakini yengqondo kunye noshintsho oluhlala luhamba nalo xesha lophuhliso. Iingcali zengqondo ezifana no-Erik Erikson babenomdla ngokukhethekileyo ekujongeni indlela ukuhamba kwexesha elikhokelela ekubambeni ulwazi . Kule minyaka, abantwana bavame ukuvavanya umda kwaye bahlole ubungqina obutsha njengoko bahlolisisa umbuzo wabo obani kunye nabafuna ukuba. Iingcali zengqondo zentuthuko zinokunceda ngenkxaso kubantwana njengoko bejongana neminye imiba enzima kwixesha elivisayo elibandakanya ukukhulelwa, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwentlalo.
Abantu abadala bakudala: Eli xesha ixesha lobomi lidlalwa ngokumisela nokugcina ubudlelwane. Ukwenza izibophelelo, ubudlelwane obusondeleyo, ubudlelwane obusondeleyo, kunye nokuqalisa intsapho zidla ngokubaluleka xa zikhulile. Abo bangakwazi ukwakha nokugcina ubudlelwane obunjalo bavame ukuxhamla nokuxhaswa kwentlalo ngelixa abo balwa nobudlelwane obunjalo basenokushiya beziva behlukanisiwe kwaye bebuhlungu . Abantu abajongene nale micimbi banokufuna uncedo lwengqondo yengqondo ukuze kuphuculwe ubudlelwane obuhle kunye nokulwa nobunzima beemeko.
Ubudala Bomphakathi: Eli nqanaba lobomi liye lusekwe kwinqanaba ekuphuhliseni umxholo wenjongo kunye negalelo kuluntu. U-Erikson uchaze oku njengengxabano phakathi kokuvelisa nokuhlaselwa . Abo bahlala ehlabathini, banikele izinto eziza kuphuma kuzo, kwaye ziyeke uphawu kumzukulwana ozayo zivela ngenjongo yenjongo. Imisebenzi efana nemisebenzi, iintsapho, ubulungu beqela kunye nokubandakanyeka koluntu zizinto zonke ezinokubangela ukuvakalelwa kwendalo.
Ukuguga: Iminyaka ephezulu ibonwa njengengxaki yezempilo, kodwa abantu abadala abadala banako ukuhlala bekhuthele kwaye baxakeke kakuhle kuma-80s no-90. Ukukhathazeka kwezempilo okongeziweyo kubonakalisa eli xesha lokuphuhliswa, kwaye abanye abantu banokuhlaselwa kwengqondo ephathelene nokugula komzimba kunye nesifo se-Alzheimer's disease. U-Erikson wayejonge iminyaka emdala njengengxaki yokubuyela ebomini. Abo banokwazi ukubukela emva baze babone ubomi bephila baphila ngengqiqo yobulumko nokulungele ukujamelana nokuphela kobomi babo, ngoxa abo babheka emva kokuzisola bangashiywa benomvandalo kunye nokuphelelwa lithemba. Iingcali zengqondo zentuthuko zingasebenza kunye nezigulane ezikhulile ukuze zibancede zijamelane nemicimbi enxulumene nokuguga.
Ukuxilongwa Ngento Ephuhlisayo
Ukuchonga ukuba ngaba kukho ingxaki yophuhliso, isazi sengqondo okanye omnye uqeqesho oluqeqeshwe kakhulu unokuphatha okanye ukuhlola okanye uphononongo. Kubantwana, uvavanyo olunjalo lubandakanya i-intanethi nabazali kunye nabanye abanomdla ukuba bafunde ngeendlela abaziphathe ngayo, ukuhlaziywa kwimbali yengonyango yomntwana kunye novavanyo oluchanekileyo ukulinganisa ukusebenza ngokubhekiselele koqhagamshelwano, izakhono zentlalo / zengqondo, izixhobo zomzimba / uphuhliso, kunye nezakhono zokuqonda. Ukuba kukho ingxaki ukuba ikhona, isigulane sinokuthunyelwa kwi-ingcali njengentetho yolwimi-ntetho, isifo somzimba, okanye ugqirha lomsebenzi.
ILizwi
Ukufumana ukuxilongwa okunjalo kunokuziva kudidekile kwaye kukhwankqise, ingakumbi xa umntwana wakho ochaphazelekayo. Xa wena okanye othandekayo wakho sele ufumene ukuxilongwa komba wophuhliso, sebenzisa ixesha lokufunda kangangoko unako malunga nokuxilongwa kunye nokunyanga okukhoyo. Lungiselela uluhlu lwemibuzo kunye neenkxalabo onokuba nazo kwaye qi niseka ukuxoxa ngale miba kunye nodokotela wakho, ingcali yengqondo yengqondo kunye nabanye abaqeqeshi bezempilo abanokuba yinxalenye yecandelo lonyango lakho. Ngokuthatha indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo, uya kuziva ungcono nolwazi kwaye uxhotyiswe ukujongana namanyathelo alandelayo kwinkqubo yokonyango.
> Imithombo:
> Erikson EH. (1963) .Abantwana kunye noMbutho. (I-2nd ed.). ENew York: Norton.
> Erikson EH. (1968) .Ubuchule: Ulutsha kunye neNtlekele. ENew York: Norton.