I-theory schema theory yasungulwa yingcali yeengqondo uSandra Bern ngo-1981 kwaye yaqinisekisa ukuba abantwana bafunda ngeendima zamadoda nabasetyhini abahlala kuzo. Ngokwale mbono, abantwana balungisa ukuziphatha kwabo ukuhambelana nemigangatho yesini yenkcubeko yabo ukusuka kwiindawo zokuqala zophuhliso loluntu.
Inkolelo kaBem yathonyelwa yinguqulelo yengqondo yee-1960s kunye nee-1970 kunye nomnqweno wakhe wokulungisa oko wayekholelwa ukuba yimpembelelo kwiingcamango ze-psychoanalytic nezentlalo ngexesha.
Iingcamango ze-Freudian , ezicebisayo, zazigxininise kakhulu kwimpembelelo ye-anatomy ngokuphuhliswa kwesini. Kunoko, iBern icebisa ukuba uphuhliso lwengqondo lomntwana oludibeneyo kunye neempembelelo zentlalo kakhulu luchaphazela iipatheni zokucinga (i- schema ) ebonisa ukuba "indoda" kunye "neentombi".
Iziphumo zeNkcubeko kwiGender Schema
Izicwangciso zezesini azichaphazeli nje kuphela indlela abantu abaqhuba ngayo inkcazelo kodwa kwiingcinga kunye neenkolelo ezithetha "ukuziphatha okufanelekileyo ngokwesini".
Ngokomzekelo, umntwana ohlala kwenkcubeko yendabuko unokukholelwa ukuba indima yowesifazane inokukhathalela nokukhulisa abantwana, ngelixa indima yendoda isebenza nasembonini. Kule miba, abantwana baceba i-schema enxulumene noko amadoda nabesifazane abakwaziyo kwaye abanako.
Kwakhona kubonisa ukuba ixabiso lomntu kunye nokuba nakho kweso siko. Ngokomzekelo, intombazana ephakanyiswe kwenkcubeko yendabuko inokukholwa ukuba yodwa indlela eyafumaneka kuye njengowesifazane ukutshata nokukhulisa abantwana.
Ngokwahlukileyo, intombazana ephakanyiswe kwinkcubeko eqhubekayo inokuphinda iqhube umsebenzi, iphephe ukuba nezingane, okanye uthathe isigqibo sokungatshatanga.
Zininzi zezi mpe mbelelo, ngelixa ezinye zifihlakele. Ngokomzekelo, nokuba kufakwe izihloko zesini ngesigama ("ukuba amadoda nabesifazane bafuna ukuba baziphathe njani") ngokwemvelo, ibeka abafazi kwisithuba sesibini ngokulawula.
Zonke ezi mpe mbelelo zidibanisa kwi-schema yesini.
Iziphumo zokungafani
Kulo lwakhiwo, amadoda nabasetyhini bayazi kakuhle iziphumo zokungahambelani nomgangatho wenkcubeko. Umfazi ogqibayo ukuqhuba umsebenzi, umzekelo, unokuthathwa njengengxaki "kwenkcubeko yendabuko okanye kuthathwa njengento engalungile" okanye "ukungahloneli" kumyeni wakhe ukuba akayi kuthatha igama lakhe lokugqibela.
Kwiphepha le-flip, kwintlalo eqhubekayo, amadoda angakhokelwa ukungavumi ukuba ngumzali wokuhlala ekhaya, ngelixa ibhinqa lingachazwa ngokuthi "lidala" okanye "libuyele" ukuba linyamekela kwimveli indima "yomama".
Xa zixhomekeke ekungavumelekanga kwintlalo, abantu baya kuziva becinezelekile ukuba batshintshe indlela abaziphatha ngayo okanye bajongane nabachasayo.
Iintlobo zesini
Ngokweengcamango zeBern, abantu bawela kwesinye sezigaba ezine zesini ezahlukeneyo:
- Abantu abathintekayo ngezocansi ngabo bachonga ngolwazi lwabo ngokwesini kunye nolwazi lwenkqubo ngokusebenzisa i-lens yeso sigaba sezesini.
- Abantu abafakwe emnqamlezweni baqhuba ulwazi ngolwazi olusecaleni lobulili.
- Abantu be-Androgynous babonisa ukucinga kwabantu besilisa nabesifazane.
- Abantu abangabonakaliyo ababonisi ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kokucwangciswa ngokwesondo.
Isizathu kunye neCriticism
Kwimibhalo yakhe, uBem wayekholelwa ukuba izicwangciso zezesini zazinciphisa amadoda, amabhinqa kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Ukukhulisa abantwana ngaphandle kwezi mboniso kunye nemingcele, wayekholelwa, eya kubakho inkululeko enkulu kunye nemingcele embalwa yokuzikhethela.
Abagxeki beengcamango zeBem bathi ubonisa abantu nje ngokuba ngababukeli bezocwangciso zezesini kunye nokungahoywa iimbutho ezinzima ezifaka isandla ekwakheni ubulili.
I-Bem's Sex-Inventory Resventory
Ukongeza kwi-theory schema theory, uBem wadala i-questionnaire ebizwa ngokuba yi-Bem ye-Sex-Role Inventory (BRSI).
I-inventory iqulethwe ngamagama angama-60 ahlukeneyo angama-masculine, amabhinqa, okanye ukungathathi hlangothi kwesini.
Xa bethatha uvavanyo, abaphenduli bacelwa ukuba balinganise ukuba baqaphela njani ngokukodwa isicatshulwa ngasinye. Kunokuba nje uhlukanise abantu njengabantu besilisa okanye abafazi, i-inventory ibonisa izibini zombini njengenxalenye yokuqhubeka. Abantu banokuphakamisa ukuphakama kwesinye ngesini okanye bephantsi kwelinye (ukutshatyalaliswa ngokwesondo) okanye, ngokuthe ngqo, isikhundla esiphakamileyo kwimimandla yesibini kunye neyesetyhini (kunye ne-androgynous).
I-BSRI yaqala ukuphuhliswa ngowe-1974 kwaye sele isesinye sezixhobo zokuhlola kwengqondo ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kwihlabathi.
> Umthombo:
> UBern, S. (1994) AmaLens of gender: Ukuguqula ingxabano malunga nokungalingani ngokwesondo . New Haven, Connecticut: IYunivesithi yeYunivesithi.