I-Psychology

Ingqwalasela yokuziphatha kweengqondo

Indlela yokuziphatha, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-psychology yokuziphatha, yinkcazo yokufunda esekelwe kwingcamango yokuba zonke iziphatho zifunyanwa ngokwenza imimiselo. Isimo senziwa ngokusebenzisana nendalo. Abaziphetheyo bakholelwa ukuba iimpendulo zethu kwisimo sokwenza izinto ezithintekayo kwimeko yethu izenzo.

Ngokutsho kwesi sikolo sengcamango , ukuziphatha kunokufundiswa ngendlela echanekileyo kwaye ekhangelekileyo kungakhathaliseki ukuba yingqondo engaphakathi.

Ngokwenene, ukuziphatha okubonakalayo kuphela kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo-iingcamango, iimvakalelo , kunye nemizwelo iphezulu kakhulu.

Abaziphatha ngokuzimeleyo babekholelwa ukuba nayiphi na umntu unokukwazi ukuqeqeshwa ukwenza nayiphi na imisebenzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imvelaphi yemfuza, iimpawu zobuntu kunye neengcinga zangaphakathi (ngaphakathi kwemida yazo yamandla). Ifuna kuphela imeko efanelekileyo.

Imbali emfutshane

Ukuziphatha kwakusekwa ngokusemthethweni ngowe-1913 ukupapashwa kukaJohn B.

• Ingozi Ezingummangaliso yeSoda Kwabantwana

• Iimpawu Zesixwayiso Sokuziphatha Kweengxaki Kubantwana

Iphepha eliqhelekileyo likaWatson, "I-Psychology njengoMbono woLuntu." Oku kulungiswa ngokubhaliweyo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo oluvela kuWatson, odla ngokubhekwa ngokuthi "uyise" wokuziphatha:

"Ndiphe iintsana ezinempilo ezinobulunga, ezenziwe kakuhle, kunye nehlabathi lam elichaziweyo ukuba ndizenzele kwaye ndiza kuqinisekisa ukuba ndiyithatha nantoni na kwaye ndiqeqeshe ukuba abe nayiphi na inzululwazi endinokuyikhetha-ugqirha, ugqwetha, umculi-mthengisi-mkhulu, kwaye, ewe, unxusa-indoda kunye nesela, kungakhathaliseki ukuba iitalente zakhe, izilwanyana, ukuthambekela, ubuchule, izakhono kunye nohlanga lwabawo. "

Ukubeka nje, abaziphatha ngokuqinileyo bakholelwa ukuba zonke iziphathamandla zibangelwa ngamava.

Nabani na umntu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imvelaphi yakhe, angaqeqeshwa ukuba enze ngendlela ethile enikwe imeko efanelekileyo.

Ukususela ngo-1920 ukuya phakathi kwe-1950, ukuziphatha ngokukhula kwaba yinto ephakamileyo yokucinga kwengqondo. Abanye bacetyisa ukuba ukuthandwa kweengqondo zengqondo zakhula kwiminqweno yokusekwa kwengqondo njengenzululwazi nenjongo. Abaphandi banomdla ekudaleni iingcamango ezingachazwa ngokucacileyo kwaye zilinganiswe ngokomlinganiselo, kodwa zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iminikelo enokuba nefuthe kwimpilo yobomi bemihla ngemihla.

Kukho ezimbini iindidi ezinkulu zokumisa imeko:

1. Inkqubo yokufunda ngokwemvelo yinkqubo esetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo ekuqeqesheni ukuziphatha apho i-stimulus engathathi hlangothi idityaniswe nokuvuselela ngokwemvelo. Ekugqibeleni, ukuvuselela ukungathathi hlangothi kuphakamisa iimpendulo ezifanayo kunye nokuvuselela okwenzeka ngokwemvelo, nangaphandle kokuvuselela ngokwemvelo. Ukuvuselela okunxulumene nalo ngoku kuthiwa yi- stimulus enesimo esifanelekileyo kwaye ukuziphatha okufundiweyo kuyaziwa ngokuba yimpendulo efanelekileyo .

1. Isimo sokusebenza (ngezinye izihlandlo esibizwa ngokuba sisimo sengqondo esisetyenziswayo) yindlela yokufunda eyenzeka ngokuqiniswa kunye nezijeziso . Ngokusebenzisa isimo sokusebenza, umbutho wenziwa phakathi kokuziphatha kunye nesiphumo sokuziphatha. Xa isiphumo esinqwenelekayo silandela isenzo, ukuziphatha kuya kuba lula ukuphinde kwenzeke kwakhona kwikamva. Iimpendulo zilandelwa ziziphumo ezimbi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ziba nzima ukuba zenzeke kwakhona kwixesha elizayo.

Izinto eziPhambili zokuzi

• Ukufunda kunokuvela kwimibutho. Inkqubo yeklasi ye-conditioning isebenza ngokuphuhlisa umbutho phakathi kokusungulwa kwemvelo kunye nokuvuselela ngokwemvelo. Kwi-physiologist i-Ivan Pavlov yokuhlola okuqhelekileyo, izinja ezidibanisa ukunikezwa kokutya (into eyenzeka ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye ivele iphendule i-salivation response) ngesandi sensimbi, okokuqala, emva koko ibona ingubo emhlophe yomncedisi. Ekugqibeleni, i-lab yengubo yedwa yenze impendulo ye-salivation kwizinja.

• Imiba eyahlukileyo inokuchaphazela kwinkqubo yokumisa imeko yeklasi. Ngethuba leyokuqala kwinkqubo yokumisa imeko yeklasi, eyaziwa ngokuba yi- acquisition , impendulo iyakhiwa kwaye iqiniswe. Izinto ezifana nokugqithiswa kwe-stimuli kunye nexesha lokubonisa ingadlala indima ebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni ngokukhawuleza umbutho.

  Xa umbutho uphela, oku kwaziwa njengokuphela, okubangela ukuba ukuziphatha kubuthathaka kancane okanye kuphele. Izinto ezifana nobuchule bokuphendula kwangaphambili kunokudlala indima ekutshatyalaliswa ngokukhawuleza. Ingaphendule impendulo, umzekelo, ixesha elide lingathatha ukuba liphele.

• Ukufunda nako kunokuvela kwimiphumo kunye nezohlwayo. Umenzi wezakhono uBF Skinner uchaze isimo sokusebenza njengesimo apho ukufunda kungafumaneka ngokuqiniswa nokujeziswa. Ngokukodwa, ngokwenza umbutho phakathi kokuziphatha okuthile kunye nemiphumo yendlela yokuziphatha, ufunda. Ngokomzekelo, ukuba umzali uyavuza umntanakho ngokudumisa rhoqo xa ekhetha amathoyizi abo, ukuziphatha okufunayo kuyaqiniswa. Ngenxa yoko, umntwana uya kuba nohlengahlengiso.

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• Ukuqulunqwa kweehedyuli kubalulekile kwiimeko zokusebenza. Le nkqubo ibonakala ihamba ngokuthe ngqo-imane ibone indlela yokuziphatha kwaye inikeze umvuzo okanye isohlwayo. Nangona kunjalo, i-Skinner yafumanisa ukuba ixesha le mivuzo kunye nezohlwayo lunempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekukhawulezeni ukuziphatha okutsha kunye namandla okuphendula ngokufanayo.
  
  Ukuqiniswa okuqhubekayo kubandakanya umvuzo ngamnye umzekelo omnye wokuziphatha. Kuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswe ekuqaleni kwenkqubo yokumisela inkqubo. Kodwa njengoko kufundwe ukuziphatha, ishedyuli isenokutshintshela kwenye yokuqiniswa okuyingxenye. Oku kuquka ukunikela umvuzo emva kweempendulo ezininzi okanye emva kwexesha elidlulileyo. Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuqiniswa ngokukodwa kwimeko ehleliweyo okanye ehleliweyo. Kwamanye amaxesha, inani elingafaniyo nelinganakulinganiswa leempendulo okanye ixesha kufuneka lenzeke ngaphambi kokuqiniswa.

• Abaphandi abaninzi bachukumisa i-psychology yokuziphatha. Ukongezelela kwezo zinto zikhankanywe ngaphambili, kukho iinombolo eziqingqiweyo kunye neengcali zengqondo ezishiya uphawu olungabonakaliyo kwizengqondo zengqondo. Phakathi kwabo ngu- Edward Thorndike , isazi sengqondo sokuphayona esichaza umthetho wokusebenza, kunye noClark Hull , owayecebisa umgaqo-nkqubo wokufunda.

• Kukho iindlela ezininzi zokwelapha ezigxilwe kwi-psychology yokuziphatha. Nangona i-psychology yokuziphatha ithathwa ngokungakumbi kwimeko yangemva emva kowe-1950, imigaqo yayo isabalulekile. Nanamhla, uhlalutyo lokuziphatha luvame ukusetyenziswa njengendlela yokwelapha ukunceda abantwana abane-autism kunye nokulibaziseka kokuphuhlisa ukufumana izakhono ezintsha. Ngokuqhelekileyo kubandakanye iinkqubo ezinjengokubunjwa (ukuvuza ngokuthe ngqo ukuziphatha okufunayo) kunye nokutshintshwa (ukuphula umsebenzi kumacandelo amancinci kwaye ufundise kunye nokunyanzelisa amanyathelo alandelayo kunye). Ezinye iindlela zobuchwephesha zokuziphatha ziquka unyango lwe-aversion, ukuchithwa kweenkqubo ezichanekileyo, uqoqosho lwamaqhosha, ukulandelelanisa, kunye nokulawulwa kwemigqaliselo.
• Iingqondo zengqondo zinamandla. Ukuziphatha kuya kusekelwe ekuziphatheni okubonakalayo, ngoko ke maxa wambi kulula ukulinganisa nokuqokelela idatha xa uqhuba uphando. Iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokwelapha ezifana nokungenelela kokuziphatha okunamandla, uhlalutyo lokuziphatha, uqoqosho lwamaqhosha, kunye nokuqeqeshwa okungaqhelekanga konke kusekelwe ekuziphatheni. Ezi ndlela zisoloko zi luncedo kakhulu ekutshintsheni i-maladaptive okanye ukuziphatha okulimazayo kubantwana kunye nabantu abadala.
• Kwakhona kunobuthathaka. Abagxeki abaninzi bathi ukuziphatha ngendlela ebonisa indlela yokuziphatha komntu. Batsho ukuba iingcamango zokuziphatha aziphendulanga ngokuzikhethela okuzikhethela kunye neempembelelo zangaphakathi ezinjengeemvakalelo, iingcinga kunye neemvakalelo. Kwakhona, ayiyikuqwalasela ezinye iintlobo zokufunda ezenzeka ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa nokuqiniswa . Ngaphezu koko, abantu kunye nezilwanyana banokuzivumelanisa nokuziphatha kwabo xa kuziswa ulwazi olutsha nangona oko kuziphatha kwakhiwa ngokuqiniswa.
• Iingqondo zengqondo zihluke kwezinye iimbono. Esinye sezibonelelo eziphambili zokuziphatha kukuvumela abaphandi ukuba baphenye ngokuziphatha okubonakalayo kwenzululwazi nangokwenkqubo. Nangona kunjalo, abaninzi abacinga ukuba bakholelwa ukuba bawa phantsi ngokunyamekela ezinye iimpembelelo ezibalulekileyo ekuphatheni. U-Freud , umzekelo, wayevakalelwa kukuba ukuziphatha kakubi ngokungabonakali kwengqondo engqondweni, iimvakalelo kunye neminqweno echaphazela izenzo zabantu. Abanye abacinga, njengoCar Rogers kunye nezinye iingcali zengqondo zenyama , bakholelwa ukuba ukuziphatha kakubi kwaye kunqongophele, ukungabikho kuthathelwa ingqalelo kwi-agency.
  
  Kutshanje, i- psychology ye-biological igxininise amandla amandla obuchopho kunye nemfuza ekuthatheni nasekuthinteleleni izenzo zabantu. Indlela yokuqonda kwengqondo ejolise kwiinkqubo zengqondo ezifana nokucinga, ukwenza izigqibo, ulwimi kunye nokuxazulula iingxaki. Kuzo zombini iimeko, ukuziphatha kakubi ezi nkqubo kunye neempembelelo ekufundeni ukuziphatha okubonakalayo.

ILizwi

Enye yezona zixhobo ezinkulu zeengqondo zendlela yokuziphatha yikhono lokugcina ngokucacileyo nokulinganisa ukuziphatha. Ubuthakathaka bale ndlela kubandakanya ukuhluleka ukulungisa iinkqubo zengqondo kunye neyendalo ezichaphazela izenzo zabantu. Nangona indlela yokuziphatha ingenakuba yinto ebaluleke kakhulu eyayiyiyo, ibuye ibe negalelo elikhulu ekuqondeni kwethu kwengqondo yengqondo. Inkqubo yokumisela yodwa isetyenzisiwe ukuqonda iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha, ukusuka ekubeni abantu bafunda njani ulwimi olwakhula ngayo.

Kodwa mhlawumbi umrhumo omkhulu wezobuchopho zengqondo usebenza kwizicelo zawo. Amasu ayo angadlala indima enamandla ekuguquleni ukuziphatha okungxaki kunye nokukhuthaza ezinye iimpendulo ezintle, ezincedo. Ngaphandle kwengqondo, abazali, ootitshala, abaqeqeshi bezilwanyana kunye nabanye abaninzi basebenzisa imigaqo-siseko yokuziphatha ukuze bancede bafundise ukuziphatha okutsha baze badikibanise abangafunwayo.

> Imithombo:

> Skinner, BF malunga nokuziphatha. I-Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc; 1974.

> IMills, JA Control: I-History of Behavioral Psychology. INew York: Inkcazelo ye-NYU; 2000.

> Watson, JB Ukuziphatha. I-New Brunswick, eNew Jersey: Abapapashi bokuTshintshana; 1930.