Ingqondo yokuqhathanisa yisebe yeengqondo ezithintekayo ekufundeni ukuziphatha kwezilwanyana. Uphando lwangoku malunga nokuziphatha kwezilwanyana lwaqala ngomsebenzi kaCharles Darwin noGeorges Roman kunye kwaye insimi ikhule ibe yimixholo ehlukeneyo. Namhlanje, izazi zezinto eziphilayo, izazi zengqondo , i-anthropologists, i-ecology, i-geneticists, kunye nabanye abaninzi banegalelo ekufundeni ukuziphatha kwezilwanyana.
I-psychology yokuqhathaniswa isoloko isebenzisa indlela yokuqhathanisa yokufunda ukuziphatha kwezilwanyana. Indlela yokuthelekisa ibandakanya ukuqhathanisa ukufana kunye nokungafani phakathi kweentlobo ukufumana ukuqonda kobudlelwane bokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Indlela yokuthelekisa ingasetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa iintlobo zanamhlanje zezilwanyana kwizilwanyana zasendulo.
Imbali emfutshane yoTyhulo-Psychology
UPierre Flourens, umfundi kaCharles Darwin noGeorge Romanes, waba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa igama lakhe kwincwadi ethi Comparative Psychology (Psychologie Comparée ), eyapapashwa ngo-1864. Ngo-1882, i-Romanes yashicilela yakhe incwadi ethi Animal Intelligence apho yacebisa isayensi kunye nenkqubo yokuthelekisa izilwanyana kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu. Ezinye iingcamango eziqingqiweyo ezibandakanya u-C. uLloyd Morgan noKonrad Lorenz.
Ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo kwengqondo kwaye kwachaphazeleka ngokufunda i-psychologists kuquka i- Ivan Pavlov no- Edward Thorndike kunye nabaziphatha kakuhle kuquka uJohn B.
Watson kunye neBF Skinner .
Kutheni sifundisisa ukuziphatha kwezilwanyana?
Ngoko kutheni ungathanda ukufunda indlela izilwanyana eziziphatha ngayo? Unokufunda njani naziphi izilwanyana kunye nokuthelekisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zinika ulwazi oluncedo malunga nokuziphatha kwabantu?
Ukufumana ingqalelo kwiinkqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. UMbutho weNzululwazi yeNzululwazi kunye neNzululwazi yePhysical Psychology , eyisihlulo sesithandathu se- American Psychological Association , ibonisa ukuba ukujonga ukufana kunye nokungafani phakathi kokuziphatha kwabantu kunye nezilwanyana kunokuba luncedo ekufumaneni ingqiqo kwiinkqubo zophuhliso kunye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ukuvelisa ulwazi kubantu. Enye injongo yokufunda ukuziphatha kwezilwanyana yithemba lokuba ezinye zezi ngqalelo zingahle zenziwe ngabantu. Ngokomlando, izifundo zezilwanyana ziye zasetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukuba ngaba amayeza athile angakhuseleka kwaye afanelekile kubantu, nokuba iinkqubo ezithile zokuhlinzwa zingaphaya kubantu, nokuba ingaba iindlela ezithile zokufunda zingabaluleka eklasini.
Cinga ngomsebenzi wokufunda kunye neendlela zokuziphatha. Ucwaningo lwe- Ivan Pavlov lwezinja kunye neenja lubonise ukuba izilwanyana zinokuqeqeshwa ukuba zenzeke ngokuvakala kwentsimbi. Lo msebenzi wenziwa ngoko kwaye wathathwa kwiimeko zoqeqesho kubantu. Uphando lweBF Skinner kunye neenkobe neenkumbi zanikeza ulwazi oluxabisekileyo kwiinkqubo zenkqubo yokusebenza ngokubhekiselele kwiimeko kunye nabantu.
Ukufunda iinkqubo zophuhliso. Iingcaphephe zengqiqo ziye zatshatiswa ngokukhawuleza ekufundeni iinkqubo zophuhliso. Kwizinto ezisemthethweni ezaziwayo zeConrad Lorenz, wafumanisa ukuba i-geese kunye namadada anexesha elibalulekileyo lokuphuhliswa apho kufuneka baqhotyoshele khona kumzali, inkqubo eyaziwa njengoprinta. U-Lorenze wafumanisa ukuba unokufumana iintaka zizenzele yena.
Ukuba izilwanyana zalahleka eli thuba elibalulekileyo, abayi kuba nokuxhamla kamva ebomini.
Ngexesha le-1950, isazi sengqondo sengqondo uHarry Harlow senze uchungechunge lwezinto eziphazamisayo zokunqongophala komama. Iimvana ze-rhesus ezincinci zahlukana noomama. Kwezinye iindidi zovavanyo, iinkunzi ezincinci ziza kukhuliswa ngocingo "oomama." Omnye umama wayeza kuhlanganiswa ngengubo ngelixa elinye londliwa. UHarlow wafumanisa ukuba iinkawu ziza kufuna ukuthuthuzelwa komama wendwangu ngokumalunga nokutya komama wocingo.
Kuzo zonke iziganeko zokuzama kwakhe, uHarlow wafumanisa ukuba ukuhlulwa komama kwangaphambili kwaholela ekubeni umonakalo ongathandabuzekiyo ongathintekiyo.
Ezi zinkabi ezingenakukwazi ukudibanisa uluntu, ezingenakukwazi ukwenza iinkcukacha, kwaye zaphazamiseka ngokomzwelo. Umsebenzi kaHarlow usetyenziswe ukubonisa ukuba abantwana babantwana banayo ifowuni ebalulekileyo ekufuneka baqhotyoshelwe kuyo. Xa ezi ziqhotyoshelwano zingabonakali ngexesha leminyaka yokuqala yobuntwana, iingcali zengqondo zibonisa ukuba umonakalo okhuselekileyo wexesha elide unokuphumela.
Izihloko eziphambili zeNtshisekelo yokuThathaniswa kwengqondo
Kukho izihloko ezahlukahlukeneyo ezinomdla okhethekileyo kwizengqondo zengqondo. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo yinto ebalulekileyo inomdla, kwaye uphando luhlala lugxininisa indlela iinkqubo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo ziye zafaka isandla kwiipatheni ezithile zokuziphatha.
Ezinye iindawo ezinomdla zibandakanya ukuzalwa (indlela i-genetic inegalelo ngayo ukuziphatha), ukulungelelanisa nokufunda (indlela ukusingqongileyo kugalela ngayo ukuziphatha), ukuxhatshazwa (indlela iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezivelisa ngayo), umzali (indlela abaziphatha ngayo abazali abachaphazela ekuziphatheni kwezilwanyana), kunye nezifundo ze-primate.
Ngamanye amaxesha iingcali zengqondo zengqondo zijolise ekuziphatheni komntu ngamnye wezilwanyana zezilwanyana eziquka izihloko ezifana nokuzilungisa, ukudlala, ukuhlala, ukuhlala, ukutya kunye nokuziphatha ngokunyakaza. Ezinye izihloko ezinokuqhathaniswa kwengqondo kwengqondo ziyakwazi ukuquka ukuziphatha okuzala, ukunyathelisa, ukuziphatha kwezentlalo, ukufunda, ukuqonda, ukunxibelelana, ukuziphatha, kunye nezizathu.
ILizwi
Ukufunda ukuziphatha kwezilwanyana kunokukhokelela ekuqondeni ngokubanzi nokubanzi kwengqondo yengqondo. Uphando malunga nokuziphatha kwezilwanyana kukhokelela ekufumaneni ezininzi malunga nokuziphatha komntu, njengokwenza uphando luka-Ivan Pavlov malunga nesimo sengqondo okanye umsebenzi kaHarry Harlow kunye neerhesus. Abafundi bezesayensi zezinto ze-biological kunye nezenzululwazi zentlalo-ntle bangazuza ngokufunda i-psychology.
Imithombo:
UGreenbert, uG.-Psychology kunye ne-ethology: Imbali emfutshane. Ku-NM Seele (Umq.). I-Encyclopedia ye-Sciences of Learning. ENew York: I-Springer; 2012.