Indlela Ubunjani Ubunzima Ngethuba Lexesha Lokubeleka
Nangona usenokucinga ngophuhliso lwabantwana njengento eqala ukususela ebusaneni, ixesha lokubeleka libhekwa njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yophuhliso. Ukuphuhliswa kokubeletha yithuba lotshintsho oluphawulekayo olukunceda ukusekwa kwinqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwengqondo kwixesha elizayo. Ingqondo iqhubekela phambili kwixesha lokubeleka, kodwa liya kuqhubeka nokutshintsha ngakumbi ngexesha lokuqala komntwana
Masiqwalasele ngokuthe kratya kwiinqanaba eziphambili kunye neziganeko ezenzekayo ngexesha lokubeleka kokubeletha. Inkqubo yokuphuhliswa kokubeletha ivela kwizigaba ezintathu eziphambili.
Iiveki ezimbini zokuqala emva kokukhulelwa ziyaziwa njengeglasi, isithathu kwisonto lesibhozo liyaziwa njengexesha lokubamba, kunye nexesha ukususela kwiveki yesithoba ukuya kuzalwa kwaziwa njengexesha lesisu.
IsiGerminal Stage
Isigaba sentsholongwane siqala ekukhulelwe xa idiza kunye neqanda leqanda lidibanisa kwelinye lala mabini. Iqanda elichumayo, elibizwa ngokuba yi-zygote, ke liya kwi-uterus, uhambo oluya kuthatha iiveki ukugqiba. Ulwahlulo lwamaseli luqala malunga namahora angama-24 ukuya kuma-36 emva kokukhulelwa.
Kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa emva kokukhulelwe, i-zygote enye enye iqala ukwenza uhambo phantsi kwebhubhu ye-fallopian ukuya kwisibeleko apho iya kuqalisa inkqubo yokwahlukana kweseli nokukhula. Ngendlela yokwenza i-mitosis, i-zygote yokuqala iyahlula kwiiseli ezimbini, emva koko zibe ezine, ezisibhozo, ezilishumi elinesibhozo, njalo njalo.
Inani elikhulu lama-zygotes alizange lenze inkqubela phambili kule nxalenye yokuqala yesahlulo seseli, kunye nesiqingatha sazo zonke i-zygote zisaphila ngaphantsi kweeveki ezimbini.
Emva kokuba ifiloji yeseli ye sibhozo ifikeleleke, iiseli ziqala ukwahlula kwaye zithatha iziganeko ezithile eziza kugqiba uhlobo lweeseli ekugqibeleni ziya kuba.
Njengoko iiseli zanda, ziya kwahlula zibe zimbini ezihlukeneyo: iiseli zangaphandle ekugqibeleni ziya kuba yi-placenta ngelixa iiseli zangaphakathi ziza kubumba umbungu.
Ulwahlulo lwamaseli luqhubeka ngesantya esheshayo kwaye iiseli zikhula ngokokuba ziyaziwa njenge-blastocyst. I-blastocyst yenziwe ngamathathu:
- I-ectoderm (eya kuba yesikhumba kunye nenkqubo yesantya)
- I-endoderm (eya kuba yinkqubo yokugaya nokuphefumula)
- I-mesoderm (eya kuba yimisipha kunye ne-skeletal systems).
Ekugqibeleni, i-blastocyst ifika kwisibeleko kwaye ifakwe kwindonga ye-uterine, inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuthi i-implantation.
Ukufakela ukuqhuma kwenzeka xa iiselingi zinyuka kwi-uterine yelinini kwaye ziphuka imilambo yegazi encinci. I-web esebenzayo yemithambo yegazi kunye neembrane ezenzayo phakathi kwazo ziya kunika ukondla ekuphuhlisweni kweenyanga ezilisithoba. Ukutyunjwa akusoloko kusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo kunye nokuqinisekileyo komlilo.
Abaphandi baqikelela ukuba malunga nama-60 ekhulwini yazo zonke iimbono zendalo azange zifakwe ngokusemthethweni kwisibeleko, oku kubangela ubomi obutsha buphela ngaphambi kokuba umama azi ukuba ukhulelwe.
Xa ukufakelwa kwempumelelo kuphumelele, utshintsho lwe-hormonal luvimba umjikelo oqhelekileyo wesibini ukuya kwindoda kwaye kubangele utshintsho olwenziwe.
Kwabesifazana abathile, imisebenzi ababeyifumana ngaphambili njengokutshaya nokusela utywala okanye ikhofi ingaba mnandi, mhlawumbi inxalenye yemvelo yendlela yokukhusela ubomi obukhulayo ngaphakathi kwayo.
I-Embryonic Stage
Ngeli nqanaba, ubunzima beeseli ngoku sele besaziwa njenge-embryo. Ukuqala kweveki yesithathu emva kokukhulelwa kubonisa ukuqala kwexesha lokubambileyo, ixesha apho ubunzima beeseli buba bucala njengomntu. Isigaba se-embryon sidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo.
Umbungu uqala ukwahlula zibe ziimpawu ezintathu eziza kuba yindlela ebalulekileyo yomzimba. Malunga neentsuku ezingama-22 emva kokukhulelwa, iifom ye-neural tube.
Le tube iya kuhlakulela ibe yinkqubo yomnatha ephakathi kuquka intambo yomgogodla kunye nengqondo.
I-tube ye-neural iqalisa ukuhamba kunye nommandla obizwa ngokuba yi-neural plate. Iimpawu zokuqala zentuthuko ye-tube ye-neural yilapho kuvela izikhondla ezimbini ezifake kwicala ngalinye kwicala le-neural. Ngethuba leentsuku ezimbalwa ezilandelayo, ifomathi ngaphezulu kwaye uphinde ungene ngaphakathi kuze kube yilapho ithubhu elingenalutho lenziwe. Emva kokuba le bhubhu isungulwe ngokuzeleyo, iiseli ziqala ukuma kufuphi neziko. I-tube iqala ukuvala ifom ye-vesicles ifomu. Ezi ziqwenga ziya kugqitywa zibe yiindawo zeengqondo ezibandakanya izakhiwo ze-forebrain, midbrain kunye ne-hindbrain.
Ngeveki yesine, intloko iqala ukukhawuleza ilandelwe ngamehlo, impumlo, indlebe kunye nomlomo. I-cardiovascular system yilapho umsebenzi wokuqala kuqala njengesixhobo segazi esiya kuba intliziyo iqala ukutshiza.
Ngethuba leveki yesihlanu, iifom eziza kubumba iingalo kunye nemilenze ibonakale.
Ngethuba leveki yesibhozo yokuphuhliswa sele ifikeleleke, imbungu isisonke isisiseko kunye nezitho ngaphandle kwalezo zesebe zesini. Kwaye ngamadolo kunye nezikhwebu! Kule ngongoma, umbungu ulinganisa igram enye kunye ne-intshi enye ubude.
Ekupheleni kwexesha lokubambela, iziseko ezisisiseko zobungqondo kunye nenkqubo yesantya esisiseko sele isungulwe. Kule ndawo ekuphuhlisweni, isiseko esisiseko senkqubo yesistim ephakathi kunye neyayiphaya.
Uphando luye lwabonisa ukuba imveliso ye-neurons iqala ngeentsuku ezingama-42 emva kokukhulelwa kwaye ipheleleyo izalise ixesha elithile phakathi kokukhulelwa. Njengohlobo lwe-neurons, bafudukela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo yengqondo. Bakuba sele befikelele kwindawo echanekileyo, baqala ukwenza ifowuni kunye nezinye iiseli ze-neural, ukuseka amanethiwekhi amaninzi.
Stal Stage
Xa ukwahlukana kweeseli kuphelile, i-embryo ingena kwisigaba esilandelayo kwaye iyaziwa ngokuba ngumntwana. Ixesha lokutshatyalaliswa kokukhula kokubeleka libonisa amanqaku atshintsho obalulekileyo kwiingqondo. Eli xesha lokuphuhlisa liqala ngeliveki yesithoba, kwaye lide lide lizalwe.
Iinkqubo zomzimba zangaphambili kunye nezakhiwo ezisungulwe kwisigaba se-embryonic ziyaqhubeka nokuphuhlisa. Kule nkalo ekuphuhlisweni kokubeletha ukuba ityhubhu ye-neural ivela engqondweni nasemgodleni kunye ne- neurons iyaqhubeka ifom. Emva kokuba la ma-neurons ayenze, aqala ukufudukela kwiindawo ezichanekileyo. I-Synapses, okanye ukudibanisa phakathi kwe-neurons, kwakhona iyaqala ukuphuhlisa.
Ngexesha eliphakathi kwe-9 neyeshumi-12 kwiiveki zokuqala ziqala ukuvelisa kwaye umntwana uqala ukwenza izinto ezixilisayo kunye neengalo zakhe nemilenze.
Eli nqanaba lophuhliso lokubeletha luhlala ixesha elide kwaye luphawulwe ngenguqu emangalisayo kunye nokukhula. Ngethuba leenyanga yesithathu yokugaya, izitho zesini ziqala ukwahlula kwaye ekupheleni kwenyanga, zonke izitho zomzimba ziya kwenziwa. Kule ngongoma, ubunzima bomntwana obusondeleyo kwii-ounces ezintathu. Umntwana uqhubeka ekhula kokubili ubunzima nobude, nangona ubuninzi bokukhula komzimba kubakho kwiinqanaba ezizayo zokukhulelwa.
Ukuphela kwenyanga yesithathu kubonisa ukuphela kwekota yokuqala yokukhulelwa. Ngethuba lekota yesibini okanye inyanga ezine ukuya kweyesithandathu, intliziyo ikhula ngamandla kwaye ezinye iinkqubo zomzimba ziya kuphuhliswa. Iifayili, iinwele, i-eyelashes, kunye neefowuni. Mhlawumbi inokubonakala ngokucacileyo, umntwana ukhula ngokukhulu kakhulu ngobukhulu, ukwandisa amaxesha angama-6 ubukhulu.
Ngoko kwenzekani ngaphakathi kwengqondo ngexesha lexesha elibalulekileyo lokuphuculwa komntwana? Ingqondo kunye nenkqubo yesantya yomnxeba nayo iyaphendula ngakumbi ngelixa lesibini. Kwiiveki ezingama-28, ingqondo iqala ukukhula ngokukhawuleza kunye nomsebenzi ofana neyolo olutsha olulele.
Ngexesha elide ukususela kwiinyanga ezixhenxe ukuya kuzalwa, umntwana oqhubekayo ukhula, abeke ubunzima, kwaye alungiselele ubomi ngaphandle kwesibeleko. Imiphunga iqala ukwandisa kunye nekhontraki, ilungisa imisipha yokuphefumula.
ILizwi
Ixesha lokubeletha lokukhula lixesha lokukhula ngokomzimba, kodwa oko kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwengqondo kubalulekile ekuphuhliseni kwengqondo kwixesha elizayo. Uphuhliso lobuchopho olwenzeka ngexesha lexesha lokubeleka lunceda ukubeka ikhosi yezinto eziza kwenzeka ngaphandle kwesibeleko.
Nangona uphuhliso lwangaphambi kokubeletha luvame ukulandela le patheni eqhelekileyo, kukho amaxesha apho iingxaki okanye ukuphambuka kwenzeka. Funda kabanzi ngezinye zeengxaki ngokuphuhliswa kokubeletha . Izifo, ukungondleki, kunye nezinye iimpembelelo ezithatha umntwana zingaba nefuthe elinamandla kwindlela ubuchopho bukhula ngayo ngeli xesha elibucayi.
Kodwa uphuhliso lwengqondo alupheli ekuzalweni. Kukho inani elikhulu lophuhliso lobuchopho olwenzeka emva kwangoku kuquka ukukhula ngobukhulu kunye nomthamo ngelixa litshintsha kwisakhiwo. Ingqondo ikhula ngokuphindaphindiweyo ezine ubukhulu phakathi kokuzalwa nokufundela. Njengoko abantwana bafunda kwaye banamava amatsha, ezinye iinqununu ezingqondweni ziqiniswa ngelixa ezinye izixhumo zithathwa.
> Imithombo:
> Levine, LE, & Munsch, J. (2010). Uphuhliso lwabantwana: Indlela yokuFunda eyiNtsebenzo. Amawaka ama-Oaks, CA: I-SAGE Publications.
> Shaffer, DR, & Kipp, K. (2010). I-Psychology yophuhliso: Ubuntwana kunye noLutsha. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth.
> I-Stiles, J & Jernigan, TL. Iziseko zophuhliso lobuchopho. Ukuhlolwa kweeuropsychology. 2010; 20 (4): 327-348.