Imicimbi yeMpawu ezimangalisayo kwiMbali ukususela ngo-1878 ukuya namhlanje
Umgca wenkcazo weengqondo uhamba ngeenkulungwane ngeenkcukacha zokuqala ezixeliweyo zesifo sokudakumba esichazwe ngo-1550 BCE kwimibhalo yesandla yaseYiputa eyaziwa ngokuba ngu-Ebers Papyrus. Nangona kunjalo, bekungekho kwi-11 leminyaka ukuba ugqirha wasePersi u-Avicenna wabonisa uxhulumaniso phakathi kweemvakalelo kunye nezimpendulo zomzimba kwisenzo esicatshulwa ngokuthi "ingqondo yengqondo."
Nangona abaninzi becinga i-17 neye-18 yexesha lokuzalwa kwengqondo yengqondo yanamhlanje (ebonakala ngokupapashwa kukaWilliam Battle "Ukunyangwa kweMadness" ngo-1758), bekude kube ngowe-1840 ukuba i-psychology yasungulwa njengentsimi yezesayensi ezizimeleyo zengqondo. Kwakuloo nyaka loo ncwadi yokuqala ngolu hlobo, "I-Psychology, okanye i-View of the Soul Soul, kuquka ne-Anthropology," yanyatheliswa ngumfundisi waseMerika uFrederick Augustus Rauch.
Ukususela kuloo mzuzu phambili, isifundo seengqondo siyaqhubeka nokuguquka njengoko kwenzayo namhlanje. Ukugqamisa ukuba utshintsho beliqela lezinto ezibalulekileyo, iziganeko ezingummangaliso.
Iimpawu ezibalulekileyo zeXesha le-19
Inkulungwane ye-19 yayiyixesha apho isingqikithi sengqondo esasungulwa njengesayensi, eyamkelwayo. Ngoxa iimilinganiselo zazihlala zitshintshwa rhoqo kuloo nyaka-100, umzekelo wophando kunye nokuvavanya uza kuqala ukuma.
Phakathi kweziganeko ezibalulekileyo:
- 1878 - G. Stanley Hall iba ngowokuqala waseMerika ukufumana i-Ph.D. kwingqondo. Ekugqibeleni ekufumaneni uMbutho we- American Psychological Association .
- Ngo-1879 - uWilhelm Wundt wasungula ityhulo yokufunda kwengqondo yokuqala yokuqala eLeipzig, eJamani ezinikezele ekufundweni kwezakhiwo. Esi siganeko sithathwa njengesiqalo sokuqala kwengqondo njengesayensi eyahlukileyo.
- 1883 - G. Stanley Hall ivula ibhokisi lokuqala lokufunda ngengqondo kwi-US kwiYunivesithi yaseJohn Hopkins.
- 1885 - UHerman Ebbinghaus ushicilela isigxina sakhe esithi "Über das Gedächtnis" ("kwiMemori") apho ichaza ukufunda nokukhumbula imemori ayeyenzayo kuye.
- Ngo-1886 - uSigmund Freud uqala ukunika unyango kwizigulane zaseVienna, e-Austria.
- 1888 - UJacob McKeen Cattell uba nguprofesa wokuqala weengqondo kwiYunivesithi yasePennsylvania. Emva koko uza kushicilela "Iimvavanyo Zengqondo kunye neMilinganiselo" ebonisa ukufika kokuhlolwa kwengqondo.
- 1890 - UWilliam James ushicilela "iinqununu zeengqondo." USir Francis Galton usungula iindlela zokulungisa ukuqonda kakuhle ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto ezikhoyo kwizifundo zengqondo.
- 1892 - G. Stanley Hall yakha i- American Psychological Association (APA) , ibhalise amalungu angama-42
- 1895 - U- Alfred Binet ubumba i-lab yokuqala ye-psychology lab eyazinikela kwi-psychodiagnosis.
- 1898 - U- Edward Thorndike uvelisa uMthetho woMphumo .
Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ukususela ngo-1900 ukuya ku-1950
Isiqingatha sokuqala sekhulu lama-20 lalilawulwa ngamanani amabini amakhulu: uSigmund Freud noCarl Jung. Kwakuyixesha apho isiseko sohlalutyo sisekwa khona, kubandakanywa uviwo lukaFreud lwe-psychopathology kunye neengqondo ze-Jung zokuhlalutya.
Phakathi kweziganeko ezibalulekileyo:
- Ngo-1900 - uSigmund Freud ushicilela ummandla wakhe ophawulekayo "Ukuchazwa kweNdoda."
- 1901 - I-British Psychological Society isungulwe.
- Ngo-1905 - uMary Whiton Calkins ukhethwa ngumongameli wokuqala wesifazane we-American Psychological Association. U-Alfred Binet uzisa uvavanyo lweengqondo .
- Ngowe-1906 - u- Ivan Pavlov ushicilela iziphumo zakhe kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo .
- Ngowe-1907 - uCarl Jung ushicilela "I-Psychology of Dementia Praecox."
- Ngo-1912 - u- Edward Thorndike ushicilela i- "Intelligence Intelligence" ekhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweengcamango zesimo sokusebenza. UMax Wertheimer ushicilela "IziPhando zoPhando lweMbono yoHlelo" olukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo yeGestalt .
- 1913 - UCarl Jung uqala ukusuka kwiimbono ze Freudian aze ahlakulele iingcamango zakhe azibiza ngokuthi yingqondo yokuhlalutya uJohn B. Watson ushicilela "i-Psychology njengoMbono wobuLungisa" ekumiseni umgaqo wokuziphatha.
- 1915 - UFrud ushicilela umsebenzi wokunyanzelisa.
- 1920 - UWatson noRosalie Rayner banyathelisa uphando malunga nesimo sengqondo sokwesaba kunye nesifundo sabo, u- Little Albert .
- 1932 - UJean Piaget waba ngu-theorist obalaseleyo onokuqonda kunye nokupapashwa komsebenzi wakhe othi "Isigwebo Sokuziphatha Kwabantwana."
- 1942 - UCarl Rogers uhlakulela umgangatho wonyango olujoliswe kumakhasimende okhuthaza ukuhlonipha nokunyamekela izigulane.
Iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ukusuka ngo-1950 ukuya ku-2000
Inxalenye yesiqingatha ye-20 yekhulu le-20 yayijoliswe kwi-standard criteria ye-diagnostic criteria yokugula kwengqondo, ephawulekayo ngokukhutshwa kweNcwadana yokuHlola kunye neSatistim of Disabilities (DSM) yi-American Psychiatric Association. Isisiseko esisisetyenzisiweyo namhlanje ukuhambisa ukuxilongwa nokunyango. Phakathi kweziganeko ezinkulu:
- Ngowe-1952 - I-Manual ye-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disabilities Disperers ishicilelwe.
- Ngowe-1954 - uAbraham Maslow ushicilela "Isizathu soBuntu kunye noBuntu" uchaza indlela awayeyifunayo ngayo. Uphakathi kwabasunguli beengqondo zesintu.
- Ngo-1958 - UHarry Harlow ushicilela "Uhlobo Luthando" oluchaza ukubaluleka kokuncedisa kunye nothando kwiirhesus.
- 1961 - UAlbert Bandura uqhuba uvavanyo lwakhe olubizwa ngokuba yi- Bobo doll ngokubhekiselele ekuziphatheni komntwana njengokwakhiwa kokubonwa, ukulingisa kunye nokwenza imodeli.
- 1963 - I-Badura kuqala ichaza umxholo wokufunda ukujonga ukucacisa uphuhliso lomntu.
- Ngowe-1974 - uStanley Milgram ushicilela "Ukuthobela iGunya" elichaza iziphumo zokuzama ukuthobela kwakhe ukuthobela .
- 1980 - I-DSM-III ipapashwe.
- Ngo-1990 - uNowaam Chomsky ushicilela "KwiNdalo, kuSebenzi, nokuThengwa koLwimi."
- Ngo-1991 - uSteven Pinker ushicilela i-athikili engenisa iingcamango zakhe malunga nendlela abantwana abafumana ngayo ulwimi olwaludlulileyo emva kokushicilela kwincwadi ethi "uLwimi lweNkcubeko."
- 1994 - I- DSM-IV ipapashwe.
Iimpawu Ezibalulekileyo Ngelikhulu Lemashumi Amabini Elikhulu Lokuqala
Ngokuza kwenzululwazi yezofuzo, izazi zeengqondo azixhasi ngeendlela zokusebenzisa i-physiology kunye ne-genetics kwintlalo yengqondo yomntu. Phakathi kwezinye zeziphumo eziphambili zekhulu lama-21 leminyaka:
- 2000 - Abaphengululi be-Genetic baqedile imephu yeengqungquthela zomntu ngenjongo yokuhlukanisa i-chromosome nganye ejongene nokungasebenzi kwengqondo.
- 2002 - USteven Pinker uyapapasha "I-Slate Blank" ephikisana nombono we- tabula rasa (inkolelo yokuba ingqondo iyigrafu engenanto ekuzalweni). UAvashalom Caspi unikeza ubungqina bokuqala bokuthi i-genetics ihambelana nokuphendula komntwana ukuhlambalaza. Iingcali zeengqondo uDaniel Kahneman unikezwa umvuzo weNobel kwizoQoqosho ngenxa yophando lwakhe malunga nokwahlulelwa kwimeko yokungaqiniseki.
- 2010 - USimon LeVay ushicilela "Gay, Straight, kunye nesizathu sokuba" kuthethwa ukuba ukuxhatshazwa ngokwesini kuvela ngokuhlukana kokubeletha engqondweni.
- 2013 - I- DSM-V ikhutshwe. Kulo, i-APA iyakususa "ingxaki yobunjani besini" ukusuka kwiluhlu lweengqondo zengqondo kwaye ithatha indawo "isifo soxhatshazo" ukuchaza ukungakhathazeki komntu ngesini sakhe.
- U-2014 - uJohn O'Keefe, uMeyi-Britt Moser, noEdvard Moser babelane ngeNobel Prize ngokufumana kwabo iiseli ezenza inkqubo yokubeka kwindawo engundoqo engqondweni.