Inkcazo yokuThengisa kunye neSatisatisti yeengxaki zeengqondo isetyenziswe ngabagqirha kunye nabagula ngengqondo ukuze baxilonge izifo zengqondo. Ngo-2013, intsha entsha ebizwa ngokuba yi-DSM-5 yakhululwa. I-DSM ipapashwe yi-American Psychiatric Association kwaye iquka zonke iindidi zempilo yengqondo yabantu abadala kunye nabantwana. I-DSM isetyenziswe ngokubanzi eUnited States malunga nokuxilongwa kweengqondo, iingcebiso zonyango kunye neenjongo zokufumana i-inshorensi.
Le ncwadana ayiyona ingqinisiso kwaye igxininise ngakumbi ekuchazeni iimpawu kunye neenkcukacha ngokubhekiselele kwesini isini esichaphazelekayo yilo gulo, ukuqala kwexesha lokuqala, imiphumo yonyango kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo zonyango.
Uhlaziyo lwe DSM
I- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual iye yahlaziywa ngamaxesha amaninzi kwimbali yayo.
- Ngo-1952: I-DSM-I
- 1968: I-DSM-II
- Ngowe-1974: I-DSM-II iphrinta kwakhona
- 1984: I-DSM-III
- 1987: I-DSM-III-R
- Ngo-1994: I-DSM-IV
- 2000: I-DSM-IV-TR
- Ngo-2013: I-DSM-5
Ingqungquthela entsha ye-DSM yapapashwa ngoMeyi ka-2013. Ukuhlaziywa kwadibana neengxoxo ezinkulu kunye nokuphikisana.
Ingxaki enkulu ne-DSM sele ihamba ngokuqinisekileyo. Ekuphenduleni oku, i-NIMH iqalise iphrojekthi yeCandelo loPhando (RDoC) ukuguqula ukuxilongwa ngokubandakanya i-genetics, ukucinga, inzululwazi yesayensi kunye namanye amanqanaba olwazi ukubeka isiseko kwinkqubo entsha yokuhlengahlengayo abavakalelwa kukuba iya kuba yindawo ephilayo.
Kamva, umlawuli we-NIMH uThomas R. Insel wakhupha isitatimende ngokubambisana nomongameli we-American Psychiatric Association uJeffrey A. Lieberman ekuqapheliseni ukuba i-DSM-5 "... ibonisa ulwazi olulungileyo ngoku olukhoyo kwiinkliniki zokuxilongwa kwengqondo." Ingxelo yaqhubeka icetyiswa ukuba inkqubo ye-DSM-5 kunye ne-NIMH, iCandelo loPhando loLwazi (okanye i-RDoC), limela "i-complimentary, ingakhuphisana, izikhokelo" zokuhlelwa kweengxaki zengqondo.
I-DSM-5 iPredecessor: I-DSM-IV-TR
I-DSM-IV yashicilelwa ekuqaleni ngowe-1994 kwaye ibonisa uluhlu lweengxaki ezingqondweni ezingama-250. Inguqulo ehlaziyiweyo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-DSM-IV-TR, yapapashwa ngo-2000 yaye yayinokuhlaziywa kwembhalo encinane kwintetho yesifo ngasinye. Abanikezeli bempilo yengqondo basebenzise le ncwadana ukuba baqonde kangcono iimfuno zabaxumi kunye nesixhobo sokuhlola nokuxilongwa.
I-DSM-IV-TR ichaza iingxaki ngokusebenzisa ububanzi obuhlanu.
Le ndlela ye-multiaxial yayijoliswe ekuncedeni iiklinikhi kunye nabagula ngengqondo ukuba benze uvavanyo olubanzi lwezinga lokusebenza ngenxa yokuba izifo zengqondo zithintela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zokuphila.
- I-Axis I : Ama-Syndromes eKlinikhi
Le ngqungquthela ichaza iimpawu zekliniki ezibangela ukuphazamiseka okukhulu. Ukuphazamiseka kwaqokelelwe kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo ezifana nokukhathazeka kwemizwelo, ukukhathazeka kwexhala okanye ukuphazamiseka kokutya. - I-Axis II: Ubuntu kunye nokuPhelelwa kwengqondo
Le ngqungquthela ichaze iingxaki zexesha elide ekusebenzeni ezingakhange ziqwalaselwe iingxaki ze-Axis Iingxaki. Ukuphazamiseka komntu kubangela iingxaki ezibalulekileyo ngendlela isigulane esichaphazela ngayo ihlabathi kwaye zibandakanya ingxaki yomntu ongenanto kunye ne- histrionic personality disorder . Ukulahlwa kwengqondo kubonakaliswe ukukhubazeka kwengqondo kunye nokulahleka kwezinye iindawo ezifana nokuzinakekela kunye nezakhono zomntu.
- I-Axis III: Izimo zonyango
Ezi zibandakanya iimeko zenyama kunye nezokwelapha ezichaphazela okanye zibuhlungu ngakumbi i-Axis 1 kunye neengxaki ze-Axis II. Eminye imizekelo ibandakanya i-HIV / AIDS kunye nokulimala kwengqondo. - I-Axis IV: Iingxaki zengqondo kunye neZingqongileyo
Naluphi na iingxaki zentlalo okanye zengingqi ezinokuchaphazela iingxaki ze-Axis I okanye i-Axis II zenziwa kule ngxube. Ezi ziquka izinto ezinjengokungasebenzi, ukufuduka, ukwahlukanisa, okanye ukufa komntu othandekayo. - I-Axis V: Uvavanyo lweSizwe lokuSebenza
Le ngxube yavumela ukuba ugqirha ukulinganisa izinga elipheleleyo lomsebenzi. Ngokusekelwe kulo vavanyo, oogqirha banokuqonda ngokucacileyo ukuba ezinye iisethi ezibandakanyekileyo kunye nomphumo wobomi bomntu.
Utshintsho kwi-DSM-5
I-DSM-5 iqulethe utshintsho oluninzi kwi-DSM-IV yangaphambili. Utshintsha utshintsho ngokukhawuleza ukutshintsha ukusuka ekusebenziseni amanani aseRoma kumaxabiso e-Arabhu.
Mhlawumbi ngokugqithiseleyo, i-DSM-5 isuse inkqubo ye-axis, endaweni yoko ichaza iintlobo zeengxaki kunye nenani leengxaki ezahlukeneyo ezihambelanayo. Eminye imizekelo yeendidi ezibandakanyiweyo kwi-DSM-5 ziquka izifo ezixhalabisayo, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye neengxaki ezihlobene, ukuphazamiseka kwengxaki, ukutya kunye nokuphazamiseka kokutya, ukuphazamiseka okunyanzelekileyo kunye neengxaki ezinxulumene nazo, kunye neengxaki zobuntu.
Ezinye iinguqulelo ezimbalwa kwi-DSM-5:
- Ingxaki ye-Asperger isuswe kwaye ifakwe phantsi kwecandelo leengxaki ze-autism.
- Ingxaki yokuphazamiseka kwemizwa yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo yongezwa, ngenxalenye yokunciphisa ukuxilongwa ngokugqithiseleyo kokukhathazeka kwengqondo yobuntwana bipolar.
- Ukuxilongwa kwamanani amaninzi kwongezwe ngokusemthethweni kwincwadi yokubhalela kuquka ukukhathazeka kwesidlo, ukuphazamiseka kwezifo kunye nesifo esiyingozi
Ngelixa i-DSM iyisisitye esibalulekileyo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba kuphela abo bafumene uqeqesho olukhethekileyo kwaye banamava aneleyo afanelekileyo ukuxilonga nokuphathwa kwezifo zengqondo . Le ncwadana ibalulekile ekuxilongweni nasekunyangeni, kodwa iingcali zempilo yengqondo zisebenzisa i-DSM ukubeka izigulane kwiinjongo zokuhlawula. Njengokuba kunjalo nezinye iimeko zonyango, urhulumente kunye nabaninzi bee-inshurensi badinga ukuxilongwa ezithile ukuze bavume ukuhlawula unyango.
Funda kabanzi ngezinye zeenguqu ezinkulu kwi-DSM-5 kwezi zixhobo ezilandelayo:
- I-Bipolar Disorder kwi-DSM-5
- I-DSM-5 Iimpawu zokuphazamiseka kokusetyenziswa kweziyobisi
- I-DSM-5 Iimpawu zoKhathazeka okuKhuselekileyo
- I-DSM-5 Iinguqulelo zoxinzelelo
- Ukuchonga i-PTSD kwi-DSM-5
Iingxelo
Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. (2013). Incwadana yokuxilonga kunye neenkcukacha zeengxaki zeengqondo (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Umbhali.
Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. (2013). Iimbali eziphambili zeenguqu ezivela kwi-DSM-IV-TR ukuya kwi-DSM-5. Ukunyathelisa i-Psychiatric American. Ifunyenwe kwi http://www.dsm5.org/documents/changes%20from%20dsm-iv-tr%20to%20dsm-5.pdf.
Umbutho wezeMpilo waseMerika. (2000). Incwadana yokuxilonga kunye neenkcukacha zeengxaki zeengqondo (4th ed., Text rev.). Washington, DC: Umbhali.
Insel, T. (2013). Ibhulogi yoMlawuli: Ukuguqulwa kwesifo. ISiko leSizwe seMpilo yengqondo. Ukufunyanwa kwi- http: //www.nimh.nih.gov/about/director/2013/transforming-diagnosis.shtml
Insel, TR, & Lieberman, JA (2013). I-DSM-5 kunye ne-RDoC: Inzala ebandakanyekayo. ISiko leSizwe seMpilo yengqondo. Ukufunyanwa kwi-http: //www.nimh.nih.gov/news/science-news/2013/dsm-5-and-rd-shared-interests.shtml.