Jonga ngokugqithiseleyo kwiNdaba eDumeleyo ka-Little Albert
Uvavanyo oluthile lwe "Little Little" lwaluyinto eyaziwayo yokusebenza kwengqondo eyenziwa ngumenzi wokuziphatha uJohn B. Watson kunye nomfundi ogqibeleleyo uRosalie Rayner. Ngaphambili, i-physiologist yaseRussia u- Ivan Pavlov wayenze iimvavanyo ezibonisa inkqubo yokumisa kwizinja . UWatson wayenomdla ekuthatheni uphando lukaPavlov olongezelelweyo ukubonisa ukuba iimpendulo zomzwelo zinokuthi zibekwe bucala kubantu.
Khangela ngakumbi
Othabatha inxaxheba kulingo lwangumntwana uWatson noRayner babiza ngokuthi "uAlbert B." kodwa eyaziwayo namhlanje njengengumncinane u-Albert. Ebudeni beenyanga ezili-9, uWatson noRayner baveza umntwana kwinqanaba le-stimuli kubandakanywa umlingo omhlophe, umvundla, i-monkey, i-masks, kunye namaphephandaba acuthayo kwaye yabona indlela abafana ngayo. Inkwenkwe ekuqaleni ayibonakali ukwesaba nayiphi na into ebonisiwe.
Ngexesha elizayo uAlbert wayechazwe kwinqwelo, uWatson wenza isandi esikhulu ngokubetha umbhobho wensimbi ngesando. Ngokwemvelo, umntwana waqala ukukhala emva kokuva isandi esikhulu. Emva kokubamba ngokuphindaphindiweyo i-rat emhlophe ngomsindo omkhulu, uAlbert waqala ukukhala emva kokubona i-rat.
UWatson noRayner babhala:
"Kwangokunjalo i-rat yaboniswa, umntwana waqala ukukhala. Ngokukhawuleza waphenduka ngokugqithiseleyo ngakwesobunxele, wawela phezu kwakhe], waziphakamisa kuzo zonke ezine waza waqala ukukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza kangangokuthi wabanjwa ngobunzima ngaphambi kokufikelela kumda wetafile. "
Izixhobo ze-Classical Conditioning kwi-Little Albert Testiment
Uvavanyo oluthile lwe-Little Albert lunikeza nomzekelo wendlela yokubeka imimiselo yeklasi ingasetyenziselwa ukuxhomekeka kwimeko yokuphendula.
- I-Sutulus yokungathathi hlangothi: I-rat emhlophe
- Ukunyanzeliswa kweStimulus : Isandi esikhulu
- Impendulo engavumelekanga : Ukoyika
- Isikhuthazo esifakweyo : Imhlophe yamhlophe
- Impendulo enemiqathango : Uloyiko
I-Stimulus Generalization kwi-Little Albert Testiment
Ukongezelela ekuboniseni ukuba iimpendulo zomzwelo zinokuthi zifakwe kumntu, uWatson noRayner baqaphela ukuba ukuqhutyelwa kwezinto ezenzekayo zenzeke. Emva kokumisa imeko, uAlbert wayengesabi nje i-rat yezimhlophe, kodwa neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezinto ezimhlophe ngokunjalo. Uloyiko lwakhe lwaluquka ezinye izinto ezinomsila kuquka neengubo zoboya zikaRaynor noWatson ogqoke intshebe yaseSanta Claus.
Iingcamango ze-Little Albert Experiment
Nangona uvavanyo lunye lwezona zonyango ezidumileyo kwaye lufakwe kwiikhosi zengqondo zonke zokuqala, luye lwagxeka ngokubanzi ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Okokuqala, ukucwangciswa kokulinga kunye nenkqubo ayilunganga kakuhle. UWatson noRayner abazange bavelise into ebonisa ukujonga iimpendulo zika-Albert, kunokuba bathembele kwiingcaciso zabo ezizimeleyo. Okwesibini, uvavanyo lubuye luvuselele iinkxalabo ezininzi zokuziphatha. Uvavanyo oluthile lwe-Little Albert alukwazanga ukuqhutywa yimilinganiselo yanamhlanje kuba bekungekho mthethweni.
Yintoni Eyayenza Kwenzeka Ku-Little Albert?
Umbuzo wezinto ezenzeka ku-Little Albert sele ziyimfihlo yeengqondo. UWatson noRayner behlulekile ukuzama ukuphelisa ukwesatshiswa kwenkwenkwe yenkwenkwe ngenxa yokuba wahamba nonina emva nje kokuzama kokuphela.
Abanye babecinga ukuba inkwenkwe ikhula ibe yindoda enesimo esingaqhelekanga sezinto ezimhlophe, izinto zobomvu.
Kungekudala, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukuba yiyiphi na into eyayiza kuvela kunye nenkwenkwe yenkwenkwana eyaziwa ngokuba yi-Little Albert. Njengoko kwabikwa kwi- Psychologist yaseMerika , uphando lweminyaka eyisixhenxe ekhokelwa yingcali yeengqondo iHolo P. Beck yaholela ekufumaneni. Emva kokulandelela phantsi nokufumana iimvavanyo zangaphambili kunye nobani bokwenene unina wenkwenkwe, kucetyiswa ukuba u-Little Albert wayengumfana ogama linguDouglas Merritte.
Kodwa ibali alinasiphelo esinokuzonwabisa, nangona kunjalo. UDoulas wafa eneminyaka emithandathu ngomhla kaMeyi 10, ngo-1925 we-hydrocephalus, ukwakheka kwe-fluid engqondweni yakhe.
"Ukukhangela kwethu iminyaka eyisixhenxe bekude kunobomi benkwenkwana," u-Beck wabhala ngokufumanisa.
Ngo-2012, u-Beck no-Alan J. Fridlund banyathelisa ukufumanisa kwabo ukuba uDouglas Merritte akayena "umntwana onobuhle" kunye nomntwana "oqhelekileyo" uWatson ochazwe ngovavanyo luka-1920. Esikhundleni saloo nto, bafumanisa ukuba uMerritte wahlushwa yi-hydrocephalus ukususela ekuzalweni waza wanikela ubungqina obungqina bokuthi uWatson wazi malunga nenkwenkwe yenkwenkwe kwaye ngokungahambiyo wayichaza ngokucacileyo imeko yezempilo yomntwana. Ezi ziphumo azigcinanga nje ngesithunzi phezu kwefa likaWatson, ziyakwandisa iinkqubo zokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha kwalo mzamo owaziwayo.
Ngo-2014, ukungathandabuzeki kwagqitywa kwiziphumo zikaBeck noFridlund xa abaphandi babonisa ubungqina bokuba inkwenkwe egama linguWilliam Barger yayingu-Little Albert wangempela. UBharger wazalwa ngosuku olufanayo njengoMerritte kumhlengikazi omanzi owayesebenza esibhedlele esifanayo njengomama kaMerritte. Ngelixa igama lakhe linguWilliam, wayaziwa ngobomi bakhe bonke ngegama lakhe eliphakathi, uAlbert.
Nangona iingcali ziqhubeka zixubusha ukuba yintoni inkwenkwe yenkwenkwezi kwinqanaba lika-Watson, akukho nto inokuthi uT Little Albert washiya ingcamango engapheliyo kwinkalo yengqondo.
> Imithombo:
> Beck, HP, Levinson, S., & Irons, G. (2009). Ukufumana uAlbert omncinci: Uhambo oluya kwi-laboratory yaseYohn B. Watson. I-Psychologist yaseMerika, ngo-2009; 64 (7): 605-614.
> Fridlund, AJ, Beck, HP, Goldie, WD, & I-Irons, G. Little Albert: Umntwana ongenakunyameko. Imbali yePhysics. i-doi: 10.1037 / a0026720; 2012.
> Watson, John B. & Rayner, Rosalie. (1920). Umoya wempendulo. Umbhalo we-Psychology, u-3 , 1-14.