Umbutho we-American Psychological Association (APA) ngowona ntlangano enkulu yenzululwazi kunye nenzululwazi yeengqondo ze-psychologist e-United States. I-APA isekelwe eWashington, DC kwaye inamalungu angaphezulu kwama-130,000. Ubulungu kwi-APA abukhawulelwanga kwizenzululwazi okanye kwiiklinikhi; Kwakhona kubandakanya abafundi nabafundi beengqondo.
Umbutho we-American Psychological Association wenza ntoni?
Ngoko yintoni indima eyenziwa nguMbutho wezeMpilo waseMelika?
I-APA ingenelela njani kwintsimi yengqondo? I-APA isebenza ngokwenene kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo.
Ukuqhubela phambili nokukhuthaza uPhysics
Enye yeendima eziphambili ezenziwa yi-APA kukunceda i-psychology eyongezelelweyo njengesayensi. Ukususela kwisitatimende esisemthethweni se-APA:
"Injongo ye-APA kukuqhubela phambili ukudala, ukunxibelelana nokusetyenziswa kolwazi lwengqondo ukuze luzuze uluntu kunye nokuphucula ubomi babantu."
Ngokuya kwiwebhusayithi esemthethweni ye-American Psychological Association, "i-APA ifuna ukuqhubela phambili isayikholoji njengesayensi, ubugcisa, kwaye njengendlela yokukhuthaza impilo, imfundo kunye nenhlalakahle yabantu."
Ezinye zeendlela abazenzayo ngoku kukukhuthaza ukukhula kwengqondo, ukukhuthaza uphando lwezesayikweni, ukusekwa kwemigangatho yokuqeqeshwa kweengcali zengqondo, nokwandisa ukwabiwa kokwazi kwengqondo kunye nophando.
Ukulawula iiNcwadi eziLawulayo
I-APA iphinda ilawule ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi " ingqondo yengqondo " njengesihloko sobugcisa. Ukuze kuthethwe ngumbono wezengqondo ngengcaciso ye-APA, umntu kufuneka "... abe nesigqirha sobugqirha kwi-psychology kwiprogram ehleliweyo, elandeleleneyo kwipyunivesiti eyamkelweyo okanye kwisikolo sobugcisa."
Ukushicilela uMqulu woBume oPhethe
Umbutho we-American Psychological Association uphinde wamisela isitayela se-APA , isethi yemithetho eyenzelwe ukunxibelelana nolwazi ngolwazi lwezentlalo. Isitayela se-APA sisetyenziselwa ingqondo kunye nezinye iisayensi kuquka i-sociology kunye nemfundo. Yonke le mithetho ebhaliweyo ingafumaneka kuMqulu weNcwadi yoLuntu we-American Psychological Association , leyo ichaza indlela yokuhlela amajelo eendaba amaphephancwadi, indlela yokukhankanya imithombo kunye nendlela yokubhala uluhlu.
Imbali ye-American Psychological Association
I-American Psychological Association yasungulwa ngoJulayi 1892 kwiYunivesithi yaseClark. Ngethuba lonyaka walo wokuqala, i-APA yayinamalungu angama-31 kunye no- G. Stanley Hall bakhonza njengomongameli wokuqala wenhlangano. Namhlanje, i-APA iqukwa ngamaqela ahlukeneyo angama-54 ngamnye ekugxininiswe kwisigxina okanye isihloko ngaphakathi kwengqondo, njengengqondo yezemfundo (iSahluko 15) nokuhlalutya kokuziphatha (ICandelo 25).
Abanye bamongameli abadlulileyo be-American Psychological Association baquka ezinye zeengcinga ezidumileyo zengqondo, eziquka:
- UWilliam James , ngo-1894 no-1904
- UJames McKeen Cattell , ngo-1895
- UJames Mark Baldwin, ngo-1897
- UHugo Munsterberg , ngo-1898
- John Dewey , 1899
- UMary Whiton Calkins , ngo-1905
- Edward Thorndike , 1912
- UClark L. Hull , ngo-1936
- UKarl Rogers , ngo-1947
- UHarry Harlow , ngo-1958
- UAbraham Maslow , ngo-1968
- Albert Bandura , 1974
- UFilipu Zimbardo , ngo-2002
- URobert Sternberg , 2003
ILizwi
Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba uMbutho wezeMpilo waseMelika kunye noMbutho wezeMpilo waseMelika bobabini babelana nge-APA. Umbutho we-American Psychological Association ukhulu ngokubhekiselele kubulungu, ngoxa i-American Psychiatric Association ngumshicileli weNgcaciso kunye neStatistical Manual of Disabilities (DSM-5) .
I-APA (i-American Psychological Association) ithathe indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali yengqondo kwaye iza kuqhubeka nefuthe elibalulekileyo kwindlela ezayo yokuphanda ngengqondo kwikamva.