Ingqondo ye-Gestalt yinqanaba leengcamango elijongene nengqondo yomntu kunye nokuziphatha kwayo yonke. Xa sizama ukwenza ingqiqo yehlabathi ejikelezile, i-Psestalt psychology iphakamisa ukuba asigcini nje ngokugxila kuwo onke amacandelo amancinci.
Esikhundleni salo, iingqondo zethu zivame ukuqonda izinto njengenxalenye yesigqeba esipheleleyo kwaye njengamacandelo ezinkqubo ezinzima. Esi sikolo sengqondo sichitha indima enkulu ekuphuhlisweni kwanamhlanje kweso sifundo somntu kunye nokuqonda.
Imbali emfutshane yeGestalt Psychology
Ukususela emsebenzini kaMax Wertheimer, ingqondo ye-Gestalt yakha ngengxenye njengempendulo kwisakhiwo sikaWilhelm Wundt .
Nangona uWundt ebenomdla wokuphula iingxaki zengqondo kwinxalenye yazo encinci kunokwenzeka, i-Gestalt psychologists yayinomdla ekujongeni yonke ingqondo kunye nokuziphatha. Umgaqo okhokelayo emva kwenkuthalo yeGestalt kukuba yonke into yayinkulu kunani leengxenye zalo.
Uphuhliso lwalo mbandela wengqondo luchukunywe ngabalingisi abaninzi, kuquka u-Immanuel Kant, u-Ernst Mach, noJohn Wolfgang von Goethe.
Ukuphuhliswa kweengqondo ze-Gestalt kwathonywe kwicandelo leNgxelo kaMartheimer ngelinye ilanga kwisikhululo sesitimela. Wathenga i-stroboscope yokudlala ebonisa imifanekiso ngokulandelelana ngokukhawuleza ukulinganisa ukunyakaza okubonakalayo. Kamva wachaza umxholo wePhi phénom apho izibane ezikhanyayo ngokulandelelana zingakhokelela kwinto eyaziwa njengendwendwe ebonakalayo.
Ngamanye amagama, sibona ukuhamba apho kungekho. Iifilimu ngumzekelo omnye wokunyakaza okubonakalayo. Ngokulandelelana kwamacandelo asesigxina, ukunyaniseka kokunyakaza kuyadalwa.
"I-formula" ebalulekileyo ye-Gestalt inory ingabonakaliswa ngale ndlela, "uMahal Wertheimer wabhala." Kukho iipholeshi, ukuziphatha okungagqithwanga yizinto ezizimeleyo, kodwa apho iinjongo zengxenye ngokwazo zichongiwe uhlobo lwangaphakathi lwalo lonke.
Liyithemba le-Gestalt theory ukuchonga uhlobo lwaloo mabhothi. "
AbakwaGestalt Abangcali beengqondo
Kwakukho uninzi lwabacebisi ababenempembelelo kwizesengqondo zeGestalt. Ezinye zezona gistalt zezokwelapha ezaziwa kakhulu ziquka:
UMax Wertheimer : Njengomnye wabasunguli abathathu be-Gestalt yengqondo, u-Wertheimer waziwa ngoluvo lwakhe lwe-phenomenon. I-ph phenomenon ibandakanya ukujonga uluhlu lweemifanekiso ezisemgangathweni ngokukhawuleza ukwenzela ukudala ukungahambi kakuhle.
UKurt Koffka: Yazi njengomnye wabasunguli abathathu be-Gestalt yengqondo, uKurt Koffka wayenomdla ohlukeneyo kwaye wafunda ezininzi izifundo zengqondo kubandakanya ukufunda, ukuqonda kunye nokungahambi kakuhle.
UWolfgang Kohler: Kwakhona inqaku elisisiseko kwimbali yentshukumo yeGestalt, uKohler naye udume ngokukrokra ingqungquthela yeGestalt ngokuthi, "Yonke into eyahlukileyo kunomlinganiselo weengxenye zayo." Kwakhona waziwa ngokuba uphando malunga nokuxazulula iingxaki , ukugxeka kwakhe ukuqaliswa kwezinto ezisetyenziswe ngabaqulunqi ukuba bafunde ingqondo yomntu, kunye nenkcaso yakhe yokuziphatha.
Imithetho ye-Gestalt Yenjongo yokuqonda
Ngaba uke waphawula ukuba uluhlu lwezinto ezikhanyayo zibonakala zihamba njani, njengezibonakaliso ze-neon okanye izibane zeKrisimesi?
Ngokutsho kwengqondo ye-Gestalt, le ntshukumo ebonakalayo kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba iingcinga zethu zizalisa ulwazi olungekhoyo. Le nkolelo yokuba lonke likhulu kunexabiso lazo zizathu zikhokelela ekufumaneni izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezenzeka ngexesha lokujonga.
Ukuze kuqondwe kangcono indlela imbono yomntu esebenza ngayo, i-Gestalt zeengqondo zicetyungisile imithetho emininzi yentlangano , kuquka nemithetho yofana, iPragnanz, ukusondela, ukuqhubeka nokuvalwa.
Umthetho ofanayo ubonisa ukuba izinto ezifanayo zivame ukuhlanganiswa ndawonye. Ukuba inani lezinto ezisemgangathweni lifana omnye komnye, uya kuziqhelanisa ngokuqhelekileyo kunye nokuziqonda ngokupheleleyo.
Ngokomzekelo, uchungechunge lweembalo okanye izikwere ezigcinwe ndawonye ziya kubonwa njengoluhlu lwamakholomu kunezinto ezizimeleyo.
Umthetho osondeleyo ubonisa ukuba izinto ezinxulumene nomnye zivame ukujongwa njengeqela. Ukuba ubona inani labantu bemi ndawonye, umzekelo, unokucinga ngokukhawuleza ukuba yonke inxalenye yeqela elifanayo lentlalo.
Kwivenkile yokutyela, umzekelo, umphathi okanye umncedisi angacinga ukuba abantu bahleli ngaphaya komnye kwindawo yokulinda badibene kwaye babuze ukuba bakulungele ukuhlala. Enyanisweni, banokuba bahlala eduze komnye ngenxa yokuba kukho igumbi elincinane kwindawo yokulinda okanye kuba ezo ziphela zihlalo ezivulekileyo.
Iingqondo ze-Gestalt ziye zanceda ukuzisa ingcamango yokuba imbono yabantu ayifumanekanga kuphela ekuboneni oko kukho ngokwenene emhlabeni. Izinto ezininzi esizibonayo zichaphazela kakhulu izinto zethu nezizathu.
ILizwi
Ingqondo ye-Gestalt yabhekana nokugxeka, ingakumbi kwiininzi zeengcamango zayo ezingundoqo zinokuba nzima ukuchaza kwaye zihlolisise. Nangona le ndlela ingahle ilahlekelwe yesazisi njengesikolo esizimeleyo sesicatshulwa, iingcamango zayo eziphambili zineempembelelo enkulu kwintsimi yengqondo.
Iingqondo ze-Gestalt ziye zaxhaswa ngamanye amasango ezengqondo, kodwa yayinempembelelo enkulu. Abanye abaphandi abathonywe yimigaqo yeengqondo zeGestalt ezibandakanya uKurt Lewin noKurt Goldstein baqhubeka benza uncedo olubalulekileyo kwizengqondo. Ingcamango yokuba yonke into eyahlukileyo kunamalungu ayo iye yathatha indima kwezinye iindawo eziquka ukuqonda kwethu kwengqondo kunye nokuziphatha kwentlalo.
> Imithombo:
> Hergenhahn, BR. Isingeniso kwiNkcazo ye-Psychology. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth Cengage Learning; 2009.
> Koffka, K. Imigaqo yeGestalt Psychology. Oxford: Routledge; 2014.