Uphando lukaHarlow lwanceda njani ukuguqula imibono ngokubaluleka komsa
UHarry Harlow wayengomnye weengcali zokuqala kwengqondo ukuphanda ngezesayensi zothando kunye nomsa. Ngomxholo wolwazi olunzima, uHarlow wakwazi ukubonisa ukubaluleka kokuqhotyoshelana, ukuthandana, kunye nezibophelelo zengqondo ngexesha lokuphucula impilo.
Imbali yoPhando ngoLuthando noThando
Ngethuba lesahlulo sokuqala senkulungwane ye-20, abaninzi abanokholo kwengqondo bakholelwa ukuba ukubonakalisa uthando kubantwana kwakuyinto ebonisa ukuba yintliziyo.
Uhlobo lukaJohn B. Watson nangoko waya kwangoko ukubalumkisa abazali, "Xa ulingeka ukuba uncelise umntwana wakho, khumbula ukuba uthando lomama luyinto eyingozi."
Ngokutsho kwabaninzi abacinga ngaloo mini, uthando luya kufakazela izifo kwaye lukhokelela kwiingxaki zabantu abadala.
Ngeli xesha, iingcali zeengqondo zakhuthazwa ukubonisa ubungqina bazo kwintsimi njengesayensi enzulu. Inkqubo yokuziphatha ilawulwa yingqondo kwaye ikhuthaza abaphandi ukuba bafunde kuphela ukuziphatha okubonakalayo kunye nokulinganisa.
Noko ke, i-American psychologist egama linguHarry Harlow , waba nomdla ekufundeni isihloko esasingenakulula ukulinganisa nokulinganisa-uthando.
Kuluhlu lweengcamango eziphazamisayo ezenziwa ngee-1960s, uHarlow wabonisa iimpembelelo ezinamandla zothando kwaye ngokukhethekileyo, ukungabikho kothando. Ngokubonisa imiphumo ebhubhisa ukunyanzelwa kweenqanawa ezincinci, iHarlow ibonakalise ukubaluleka komthandi wokukhathalela ukuphuhliswa kwengqondo emntwaneni.
Uvavanyo lwakhe lwaluhlala lukhohlakele kwaye lukhohlakele, kodwa bafumanisa iinyaniso ezibalulekileyo ezithintele kakhulu ukuqonda kwethu ukuphuhlisa abantwana.
I-Wire Mother Experiment
UHarlow waphawula ukuba kuncinci kuncinci kuye kwazinikezelwa uphando lovavanyo.
"Ngenxa yentswelo yokuzama, iingcamango ezinxulumene nesimo esiyintando yothando ziye zashintsha kwinqanaba lokubonwa, intuition, kunye nokuqonda okuqiqayo, nokuba ngaba zicetywayo ngabaphengululi bezengqondo, izazi-ntlalo, i-anthropologists, oogqirha, okanye i- psychoanalyst ," esho.
Uninzi lweengcamango ezikhoyo zothando zisekelwe kwingcamango yokuba ukuqhotyoshelana kokuqala phakathi komama nomntwana kwakuyindlela nje yokuba umntwana athole ukutya, anciphise ukoma, aze agweme intlungu. U-Harlow, ke, wayekholelwa ukuba lo mbono wendlela yokuziphatha ngokubambisana nomama wawungenanto.
Uvavanyo oludumileyo lukaHarlow lwalubandakanya ukunika abantwana abancinci ama-rhesus ukuba bakhethe phakathi koomama "abahlukeneyo". Enye yayenziwe nge-soft furth, kodwa yayinganikanga ukutya. Elinye lenziwe ngetambo, kodwa londla ngokutya kwibhotile yebhokisi.
U-Harlow wasusa amanqana amancinci kumama asemvelo emva kweeyure ezimbalwa emva kokuzalwa waza wawashiya ukuba "aphakanyiswe" ngolu hlobo lwabazali. Uvavanyo lwabonisa ukuba iintsana zichitha ixesha elininzi kunye nomama wazo wengubo kunokuba unina womnxeba. Ngamanye amazwi, iintshontshi zintsana zaya kumama wocingo kuphela ngokutya, kodwa zakhetha ukuchitha ixesha labo nonina othuthuzayo, othuthuzelayo xa bengadli.
"Ezi nkcukacha zenza ukuba kucace ukuba intuthuzelo yoqhagamshelwano iyinto ebonakalayo ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphuhlisweni kwempendulo, kodwa i-lactation iyinto eguqukayo yokubaluleka," kusho uHarlow.
Uloyiko, ukhuseleko, kunye neNcediso
Kwimva kamva, iHarlow yabonisa ukuba iinyani ezincinci ziza kubuyela kumama wazo wokuzikhusela ukuze zithuthuzele kwaye zikhuseleke. Ukusebenzisa ubuchule "obuqhelekileyo" obufana nomnye owenziwe ngumphandi oqhotyoshelweyo uMary Ainsworth , uHarlow wavumela ukuba iinyani ezincinci zihlolisise igumbi elithile phambi koomama wabo okanye ekungabikho kwakhe. Iimonki phambi koomama ziza kumsebenzisa njengesiseko esilondekileyo ukuhlola igumbi.
Xa oomama abathandwayo basuswa ekamelweni, iimpembelelo zazimangalisa. Amathole amancinci ayengasenaso isiseko esilondekileyo sokuhlola kwaye wayehlala ephazamise, adibanise, ahlabe, ahlabe, akhale.
Impembelelo yoPhando lukaHarlow
Nangona iingcali ezininzi zexesha zihlekisa ukubaluleka kothando lomzali nothando, uvavanyo lukaHarlow lwaluqinisekisa ubungqina obungenakuphikiswa ukuba uthando lubalulekile ekuphuculeni abantwana ngokuqhelekileyo. Uvavanyo olongezelelweyo nguHarlow lubonakalise ukuphazamiseka kwexesha elide elibangelwa kukungabikho, okukhokelela ekukhathazekeni kwengqondo nangokomzwelo kunye nokufa.
Umsebenzi kaHarlow, kunye nophando olubalulekileyo ngabafundi bezengqondo uJohn Bowlby noMary Ainsworth, bancedisa utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwindlela iindlovu, amajelo ezithatha abantwana, amaqela enkonzo zoluntu kunye nabanikezeli bamanyango abancinci beza kubantwana.
Ngoxa umsebenzi kaHarry Harlow waholela ekubongeni nasekuveliseni ubuninzi bophando ngokuthandana, uthando kunye nobudlelwane bakhe, ngokukhawuleza ubomi bakhe bomi buqala ukunyuka. Emva kokugula komfazi wakhe, waba ngumnxila kunye noxinzelelo, ekugqibeleni wahlukana nabantwana bakhe. Oogxa bahlala bemchazela njengongqambileyo, othethileyo, onokungahambi kakuhle, onobuqili, onobukrakra. Nangona kuphazamiseka obunobomi bakhe obusemva, iHarlow's heritage legacy yaqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwenkxaso yemoya, uthando kunye nothando ekuphuhlisweni kwabantwana.
ILizwi
Umsebenzi kaHarlow wawuyimpikiswano ngexesha lakhe kwaye uyaqhubeka nokugxeka namhlanje. Nangona uvavanyo olunjalo lubonakala lukhulu lwezinto eziphathekayo, umsebenzi wakhe wanceda ukuguqula indlela esicinga ngayo ngabantwana kunye nophuhliso kwaye bancedisa abaphandi ukuba baqonde kangangoko uhlobo kunye nokubaluleka kothando.
> Imithombo:
> Blum, Deborah. Uthando kwiGoon Park. ENew York: Perseus Publishing; 2011.
> Ottaviani, J & Meconis, D. Oomama bamatshini: UHarry Harlow kunye neSayensi yoLuthando. U-Ann Arbor, MI: I-LabT; 2007.