Uvavanyo lokuqala lwe-IQ kunye nangaphezulu
Inomdla kwiintelligence ibuyele emva kwamawaka eminyaka. Kodwa kwada kwada kwesa ukuba i-psychologist u-Alfred Binet uthunyelwe ukuba achonge abafundi abafuna uncedo lwemfundo ukuba uvavanyo lokuqala lwe-quotient (IQ) lwaluzalwe. Nangona kunemiqathango yayo, kwaye inezinto ezininzi ezibonakalayo ezisebenzisekayo, zivavanya i-Binet's IQ vavanyo eyaziwayo emhlabeni wonke njengendlela yokuqhathanisa i-intelligence.
Imbali
Ngexesha le-1900 yokuqala, urhulumente waseFransi wabuza uBinet ukuba ancede ukuba anqume ukuba yeyiphi na abafundi abafumana ubunzima esikolweni. URhulumente wayemisele imithetho efuna ukuba bonke abantwana baseFransi baye esikolweni, ngoko kubalulekile ukufumana indlela yokuchonga abantwana abaya kufuna uncedo olukhethekileyo.
UBinet kunye nomlingane wakhe, uTheodore Simon, baqala ukuphuhlisa imibuzo ejolise kwiindawo ezingakhange zifundiswe ngokucacileyo ezikolweni, ezifana nokuqwalasela , imemori kunye nezakhono zokuxazulula iingxaki . Ukusebenzisa le mibuzo, i-Binet izimisele ukuba yiyiphi ebenziwayo njengezona zinto zilungele ukuphumelela kwesikolo.
Wabona ngokukhawuleza ukuba abanye abantwana babekwazi ukuphendula imibuzo ephakamileyo ngakumbi yokuba abantwana abadala babekwazi ukuphendula, kwaye ngokufanayo. Ngokusekelwe kulo mbono, i-Binet iphakamisa umxholo wengqondo yengqondo okanye umlinganiselo wesicatshulwa esekelwe kwimilinganiselo ephakathi yabantwana beqela elidala.
I-Binet kunye novavanyo lokuqala lwe-IQ
Olu vavanyo lokuqala lweengqondo, olubhekiswe kuthi namhlanje njengeBinet-Simon Scale, lwaba sisiseko seemvavanyo zengqondo ezisetyenziswayo namhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, uBinet ngokwakhe akazange akholwe ukuba izixhobo zakhe zengqondo zingasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa inqanaba elilodwa, elingasigxina kunye nelokuzalwa.
I-Binet igxininise imida yokuvavanya, iphakamisa ukuba ubunzima bobunzima bubanzi kakhulu ukuba baqikelele nenani elilodwa. Kunoko, wagxininisa ukuba ingqiqo yathonyelwa yimiba ethile yezinto , ukuba iyatshintsha ngexesha, kwaye ingafaniswa kuphela nabantwana abanemvelaphi efanayo.
Uvavanyo lweNgqiqo yaseStanford-Binet
Xa iBinet-Simon Scale yaziswa eMelika, yavelisa umdla. Isaziso seengqondo seStanford University saseStanford uLee Terman sathatha uvavanyo lwangaphambili lukaBinet kwaye lulungelelanisa ngokusebenzisa isampuli yabathathi-nxaxheba baseMerika. Olu vavanyo olulungelelweyo, lokuqala olupapashwe ngo-1916, lwalubizwa ngokuba yiStellford Binet Intelligence Scale kwaye kungekudala lwaba luvavanyo lwengqondo oluqhelekileyo olusetyenziswa kwi-US
Uvavanyo lwe-Stanford-Binet lwengqondo lusebenzisa inombolo enye, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-intelligence quotient (okanye i-IQ), ukumela amanqaku omntu kuvavanyo. Eli nqanaba libalwe ngokuhlula umlinganiselo wengqondo yengqondo ngexesha lakhe lokulandelana kweminyaka kwaye ngokuphindaphinda le nombolo ngo-100. Ngokomzekelo, umntwana oneminyaka engama-12 ubudala kunye nexesha elilandelanayo eli-10 liza kuba ne-IQ eyi-120 (12 / 10 x 100).
I-Stanford-Binet isoloko ithuluzi lokuhlola elidumileyo namhlanje, nangona lihamba ngenani leenguqulelo kwiminyaka ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo.
Iimveliso kunye nemiSebenzi ye-IQ yokuvavanya ngeMbali
Ekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, amagosa ase-US e-Army ayejongene nomsebenzi wokujonga isixa esikhulu sabasebenzi. Ngomnyaka we-1917, njengesihlalo seKomiti yeeNgqondo zeNgqungquthela yokuBuyiswa, isazi sezengqondo uRobert Yerkes savelisa iimvavanyo ezimbini ezibizwa ngokuba yi-Army Alpha kunye ne-Beta. I-Army Alpha yenzelwe ukuhlolwa okubhaliweyo, ngelixa i-Beta ye-Army yenziwe ngemifanekiso yabasebenzi ababenako ukufunda okanye abangazange bathethe isiNgesi. Iimvavanyo zalawulwa kwiijoni ezigidi ezingaphezu kwe-2 kumzamo wokuncedisa i-Army ukubona ukuba ngabaphi amadoda afanelekileyo kwizikhundla ezithile kunye neendima zobunkokheli.
Ekupheleni kwe-WWI, iimvavanyo zaqhubeka zisetyenziswa kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo ngaphandle kwempi kunye nabantu bonke ubudala, imvelaphi kunye neentlanga. Ngokomzekelo, iimvavanyo ze-IQ zisetyenziselwa ukukhuphela abafuduki abatsha njengoko bangena eMelika e-Ellis Island. Iziphumo zolu vavanyo lwengqondo ngelishwa ngeliso zisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-generalizations ephazamisayo kunye nechanekileyo malunga nabantu bonke, okwabangela ukuba ezinye iingcali "zengcali" zikhuphe iCongress ukuba zenze imithintelo yokufudukela kwamanye amazwe.
I-Wechsler Intelligence Scales
Ukwakha kwi-Stanford-Binet ukuhlolwa, isazi sengqondo seMerika uDavid Wechsler sakha isixhobo esitsha sokulinganisa. NjengoBinet, u-Wechsler wayekholelwa ukuba ulwaphulo-mthetho lubandakanya amandla ahlukeneyo engqondweni. Enganeliseki ngophelo lweStanford-Binet, wapapasha uvavanyo lwakhe olutsha, olubizwa ngokuba yi- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) , ngo-1955.
I-Wechsler iphinde iphucule iimvavanyo ezimbini ezihlukeneyo ngokukhethekileyo ekusebenzisaneni nabantwana: i-Wechsler Intelligence Scale kubantwana (i-WISC) kunye ne-Wechsler Preschool ne-Primary Scale of Intelligence (WPPSI). Uhlobo lomntu omdala wovavanyo luye lwahlaziywa ukususela kwincwadi yaso yokuqala kwaye ngoku yaziwa ngokuba yi-WAIS-IV.
WAIS-IV
I-WAIS-IV iqulethe iintlobo ezili-10 kunye neemvavanyo ezihlanu zokuncedisa. Uvavanyo luhlinzeka amanqaku kwiindawo ezine eziphambili zeengcaphephe: IsiCwangciso sokuQondwa koMlomo, isiCwangciso sokuCinga ukuCinga, iSikhumbuzo sokuSebenza, kunye neSikhuseli sokuThuthukisa. Uvavanyo lubonelela ngeendlela ezimbini ezibanzi ezingasetyenziselwa njengesishwankathelo sobulumko bonke: uphawu olupheleleyo lwe-IQ oludibanisa ukusebenza kuwo onke amanqaku amane kunye ne-General Availability Index esekelwe kumanqaku ayisithandathu.
Iziphumo ezincinci kwi-WAIS-IV zinokuba luncedo ekuboniseni ukukhubazeka kokufunda, njengamaxesha apho amanqaku aphantsi kwezinye iindawo ezidibaniswe namanqaku aphezulu kwezinye iindawo zingabonisa ukuba umntu unenkinga ethile yokufunda.
Kunokuba ulandele uvavanyo oluxhomekeke kwiminyaka yobudala kunye nobudala bengqondo, njengokuba kunjalo neStanford-Binet yasekuqaleni, i-WAIS ifunyenwe ngokuthelekisa amanqaku omlinganiselo wokulinganisa kwamanye amanqaku kwiqela elifanayo. Amanqaku aphakathi anqunywe kwi-100, kunye neyesithathu kwisilinganisi esisezingeni eliqhelekileyo phakathi ko-85 no-115. Le ndlela yokumakisha iya kuba yinkqubo epheleleyo ekuhlolweni kweengcaphephe kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwamhlanje kwe-Stanford-Binet.
> Imithombo:
> Antonson AE. I-Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale. Ku: Clauss-Ehlers CS, ed. I-Encyclopedia ye-Cross-Cultural School School Psychology. Springer, eBoston, MA; 2010.
> Coalson DL, Raiford SE, Saklofske DH, Weiss LG. I-WAIS-IV: Intuthuko ekuHloleni koBulumko. Ku: U-WAIS-IV Usetyenziso lwezonyango kunye nokutolika. Elsevier, Inc; 2010: 3-23. i-doi: 10.1016 / B978-0-12-375035-8.10001-1.
> Uqhekeza u-RE, uRutherford A. AbaPhayona be-Psychology. 5. ENew York: WW Norton; 2016.
> Greenwood J. Psychologists Yiya kwiMfazwe. Usosayensi. Ishicilelwe ngoMeyi 22, 2017.