UMthetho Wempembelelo kwiNgqondo

Umthetho wokusebenza komgaqo ophuhliswe ngu- Edward Thorndike uxelele ukuba iimpendulo ezilandelelweyo ngokulandelelwanisiweyo ziya kubandakanywa ngokuqinileyo kwimeko kwaye, ngoko ke, kungenzeka ukuba ibuyeke xa imeko iphindaphindiwe. Ngokwahlukileyo, ukuba imeko ilandelwa yintlungu, ukuxhamla kwimeko kuya kuba buthathaka, kwaye ukuziphatha kwempendulo akunakwenzeka ukuba imeko iphindwaphindwa.

Cinga ukuba ufika kusasa ukuze usebenze ngolunye usuku ngengozi. Izaziso zomphathi wakho kwaye udumisa ukunyamekela kwakho. Indumiso yenza ukuba uzive kakuhle, ngoko iqinisa indlela yokuziphatha. Uqala ukubonisa umsebenzi ngomncinci kusuku ngalunye ukuze uqhubeke nokuncoma umphathi wakho. Ngenxa yokuba umphumo okholisayo ulandele ukuziphatha, isenzo senziwa ukuba sikwazi ukuphindaphinda kwixesha elizayo.

Umthetho Wempembelelo Wafunyanwa Njani?

Nangona sihlala siqhagamshelana nembono yokuba iziphumo zikhokelela ekutshintsheni kwindlela yokuziphatha kunye nenkqubo yokusebenza kunye ne- BF Skinner , le ngcamango isisiseko sayo emsebenzini wokuqala we-psychologist u-Edward Thorndike. Kwimvavanyo yakhe, uTyrndike isetyenziselwa into eyaziwa njengeibhokisi zeepestile ukufunda indlela izilwanyana ezifunde ngayo. Iibhokisi zazifakwe kodwa ziqulethe iqhosha elincinci lokuba, xa linyanzelwe, luza kuvumela isilwanyana ukuba siphume.

I-Thorndike iya kufaka ikati ngaphakathi kwibhokisi le-puzzle uze uyibeke ingcezu yenyama ngaphandle kwebhokisi uze ugcine imizamo yesilwanyana sokuphepha kwaye ufumane ukutya.

Wabhala ixesha elide lilinye lizilwanyana lithatha ukuze lifunde indlela yokuzikhulula ngayo kwibhokisi.

Ekugqibeleni, iikati ziza kucinezela i-lever, kwaye umnyango wawuza kuvulwa ukuze isilwanyana singenokufumana umvuzo. Nangona kuqala ukucindezela i-lever kwenzeka nje ngengozi, iikati zenzeka ukuba ziphinda ziphinda zifumene ibhaso emva kokuba zenze isenzo.

U-Thorndike uqaphele ukuba ngeli vavanyo ngalinye, iikati zanda ngokukhawuleza ekuvuleleni umnyango. Kungenxa yokuba ukunyusa i-lever bekukhokelela kwisiphumo esifanelekileyo, iikati zazinokwenzeka ukuba zenzeke kwakhona kwixesha elizayo.

I-Thorndike ibiza ngokuthi "uMthetho woMphumo," owakusikisela ukuba xa ukwaneliseka kulandela umbutho, kunokwenzeka ukuba kuphinde kuphindwe. Ukuba isiphumo esingathandekiyo silandela isenzo, ngoko kuya kuba lula ukuphindaphinda.

Kukho iinkalo ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zomthetho wokusebenza:

1. Iimpazamo ezilandelwa ngokukhawuleza nemiphumo emihle ziyakwenzeka kwakhona. Kwimzekelo yethu yangaphambili, ukudunyiswa ngumphathi we-supervisor ukubonisa ukuqala emsebenzini kuye kwenza ukuba kubekho ukuphindaphinda ukuziphatha.
2. Iimpazamo ezilandelwayo nemiphumo emibi ayinakwenzeka kwakhona. Ukuba ubonisa ngokukhawuleza emsebenzini kwaye ulahlekelwa intlanganiso ebalulekileyo, mhlawumbi uya kuba lula ukubonakalisa ngokukhawuleza kwakhona kwixesha elizayo. Ngenxa yokuba ubona intlanganiso ephosakeleyo njengesiphumo esibi, ukuziphatha akunakwenzeka ukuba kuphindwe kwakhona.

Umthetho Wempembelelo Yempembelelo Ekuziphatheni

Ukufunyanwa kweTrirndike kwathonya elikhulu ekuphuhliseni ukuziphatha . I-BF Skinner isekelwe ingcamango yakhe yenkqubo yokusebenza ngokusemthethweni.

I-Skinner yaze yavelisa inguqu yakhe yebhokisi lebhokisi elalibhekisele kuyo njengendawo yokusebenza yendawo (eyaziwayo njengebhokisi le- Skinner ). Kwimeko yokusebenza , ukuziphatha okuqinisekisiwe kuyaqiniswa, ngelixa abo bahlwaywayo banobuthathaka. Umthetho wempembelelo waba nefuthe elikhulu ekuphuhliseni ukuziphatha, okwenzeka ukuba ube sisikolo esiphambili sengcinga kwizesengqondweni kwikhulu lekhulu leminyaka.

Eyaziwa ngokuba ngu: Umthetho weTrirndike we-Effect

_Iingxelo

_{Thorndike, EL (1898). Ubulumko bezilwanyana: Uvavanyo lokuhlola lweenkqubo zokudibanisa kwizilwanyana. Ukuhlaziywa kweengqondo: i-Monograph Supplements, 2 (4), i-109.}