I-Bandura idume ngokugqithisileyo
Ngaba ubundlobongela abanabantwana abakwiinkqubo zethelevishini, ii-movie kunye neevidiyo zevidiyo zikhokelela ukuba baziphathe kakubi? Lo ngumbuzo oshushu namhlanje, kodwa kwakunomdla omkhulu kwiminyaka engama-50 edlulileyo xa isazi senzululwazi senze uvavanyo olubizwa ngokuba yi-Bobo doll ukuzama ukujonga indlela abantwana abafunda ngayo ulwaphulo ngokujonga.
Uvavanyo lweBobo Doll lwaluyini?
Ngaba ubugwenxa nobudlova bafunde ukuziphatha?
Kwimvavanyo edumileyo kunye nefuthe eyaziwa njenge-Bobo doll test, u- Albert Bandura kunye noogxa bakhe babonisa indlela enye abantwana abafunda ngayo ulwalamano. Ngokweengcamango zezemfundo zeBurura , ukufunda kwenzeka ngokuqwalasela kunye nokusebenzisana nabanye abantu. Okubalulekileyo, abantu bafunda ngokubukela abanye baze baxelise lezenzo.
Ukunyaniseka kuyingcambu yeengxaki ezininzi ezentlalontle ezivela kubundlobongela obunobuntu ukuya kwimfazwe. Akumangalisi ke ukuba le ngongoma yinye yezihloko ezifundiswe kakhulu kwiengqondo. Ingqondo yengqondo yintsimi esinikelwe ekufundeni ukusebenzisana kwabantu kunye nokuziphatha kweqela kunye izazinzulu ezisebenza kule ntsimi ziye zanikezela ezininzi uphando malunga nolwaphulo lwabantu.
IziBhengezo zeBotura
Uvavanyo olubandakanya ukubonisa abantwana kwimifanekiso emibili yabantu abadala; imodeli enobugwenxa kunye nomntu ongeyonto. Emva kokungqina kokuziphatha komntu omdala, abantwana babeza kufakwa kwigumbi elingenalo mzekelo kwaye baqwalaselwa ukuba babone ukuba baya kuxelisa iimpawu ababezibonele ngaphambili.
I-Bandura yenza iziprofeto eziliqela malunga noko kwakuza kwenzeka:
- Waxela kwangaphambili ukuba abantwana abambonayo umntu omdala osebenza ngokugqithiseleyo baya kuba nobudlova nangona umzekelo omdala wayengekho.
- Abantwana abaye babona umzekelo omdala ongeyena okhuselekileyo bangaba nobudlova kunabantwana ababona umzekelo onamandla; iqela lokungcebelekanga elingaqhelekanga liza kuba lincinci ngaphezu kweqela lolawulo.
- Abantwana babeya kukwazi ukuxelisa imifanekiso yecala elifanayo kunokuba bahlolwe ngesini esahlukileyo.
- Abafana babeza kubaphatha ngokugqithiseleyo kunamantombazana.
Indlela esebenzisiweyo kwi-Bobo Doll
Abathathi-nxaxheba kulolu vavanyo babengama-36 amakhwenkwe kunye namantombazana angama-36 ababhalise kwiSikolo seSchool Nursery School. Abantwana babephakathi kweminyaka yobudala engama-3 kunye no-6 kwiminyaka engama-6 ubudala, kwaye umyinge wesiganeko seminyaka yayingu-4 iminyaka engama-4.
Kwakukho amaqela angama-8 ahlolisayo . Kulaba bathathi-nxaxheba, abangama-24 babelwe kwiqela elilawulayo elingafumani unyango. Bonke abanye abantwana bahlukana baba ngamaqela amabini abathathi-nxaxheba abangama-24 nganye. Enye yamagumbi okulinga yayiboniswe kwimimodeli enobudlova, ngelixa abanye abantwana abangama-24 babonakala kwiimodeli ezingenabundlobongela.
Ekugqibeleni, la maqela ahlulwa kwakhona ngamaqela amakhwenkwe namantombazana. Ngamanye ala maqela zahlula ngokohlulo kangangokuba isiqingatha sabathathi-nxaxheba sasivezwe kumzekelo omdala wesini omdala kunye nesinye isiqingatha sasivezwe kumzekelo omdala wobulili obuhlukile.
Ngaphambi kokuqhuba uvavanyo , i-Bandura iphinde iphinde ihlole amanqanaba ekhoyo okhuselo lwabantwana. Amaqela abuye alingana ngokulinganayo ukuze abe namazinga aphakathi kobugwenxa.
Iinkqubo ezisetyenziswe kwi-Bobo Doll
Umntwana ngamnye wavavanywa ngabanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuziphatha akuyi kuchatshazelwa ngabanye abantwana.
Umntwana wangeniswa kuqala kwindawo yokudlala apho kwakukho imisebenzi eyahlukileyo yokuhlola.
Umhloli wambi wamema umzekelo omdala kwindawo yokudlala waza wakhuthaza umzekelo ukuba ahlale etafile aze ajoyine kwimisebenzi. Ngethuba lemizuzu elineshumi, imodeli yabantu abadala yaqala ukudlala ngeesethi zeetysys. Kwiimeko ezingenabundlobongela, umzekelo omdala udlale ngokudlala kunye nokungahoyi idoli yaseBobo lonke ixesha. Ngokwimeko yesimo esinamandla, nangona kunjalo, imodeli yabantu abadala iya kuhlasela idoli yaseBobo.
"Umzekelo wabeka uBobo kwicala layo, wahlala phezu kwayo, wayihlaba ngokuphindaphindiweyo empumlweni. Umzekelo waphakamisa idoli yaseBobo, wathabatha i-mallet, wambetha idonsa entloko. waphonsa idonsa phezulu emoyeni, waza wamphatha ngeklasi. Le ntshukumo yezenzo zobundlobongela yayiphindwe kathathu, ikhutshwe ngeempendulo zenzondo. "
Ukongezelela kwintlanzi yokuziphatha, imodeli yabantu abadala basebenzisa iincwadana ezinomlomo ezinjengokuthi "Mkhanye" kunye ne "Pow." Iimodeli zongeze amabini amabini angenabundlobongela: "Ngokuqinisekileyo uyisigxina esinzima" kwaye "Uqhubeka ebuyela ngokunye."
Emva kweminye imizuzu eyishumi ekubonisweni komntu omdala, umntwana ngamnye wasetwa kwelinye igumbi elinemizekelo yamathoyizi atshabalalayo kuquka isethi yedonsa, injini yomlilo kunye neenqwelo zokudlala. Nangona kunjalo, abantwana babetshelwe ukuba abavunyelwe ukudlala naliphi na lezi zixhobo ezilingayo. Injongo yale nto yayikukwakha amanqanaba okukhungatheka phakathi kwabathathi-nxaxheba abatsha.
Ekugqibeleni, ngamnye umntwana wathatyathwa kwigumbi lokugqibela lokuhlola. Eli gumbi laqulethe iqela lezinto zokudlala ezibandakanya i-mallet, ibhola yebhola ebusweni, ubuso bombhoxo, kunye ne-dolphin Bobo. Igumbi lakwabandakanya amathoyizi amanyathelo "angabandlululo" kuquka neekrayoni, iphepha, iimboli, izilwanyana zaseplastiki kunye namaloli. Umntwana ngamnye wavunyelwa ukuba adlale kule gumbi ixesha elingama-20 imizuzu ngelixa i-raters yabona indlela yokuziphatha komntwana emva kwesikrini esisodwa kunye nokugweba amanqanaba omntwana ngamnye.
Ziziphi iziphumo zeBobo Doll?
Iziphumo zovavanyo zixhaswe ezintathu zezo zinto zangaphambili zokuqala.
- Abantwana abonakaliswe kumzekelo we-violet baxelisa ukuziphatha okuthe ngqo ababekubonayo xa umntu omdala engasekhoyo.
- I-Bandura kunye noogxa bakhe baxelele ukuba abantwana abakwiqela elingazange lihlasele baya kuziphatha kakubi kunabo abakwiqela lolawulo. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba ngelixa abantwana bobabini abasemagqabini angabandlululo babonakalisa ulwaphulo oluncinci kuneqela elilawulayo, abafana abaye babone indlela yokuziphatha ngokwesini ngokuziphatha kakubi kunokuba baninzi kunokuba abo beqela lokulawula ukubandakanya ubudlova .
- Kwabakho ukubaluleka kwezesini xa kuthe kwabonakala ukuba isondo esinye okanye isondo esahlukileyo. Abafana ababona abantu abadala beziphatha ngokugqithiseleyo babechaphazela ngakumbi kunabo baye babona imizekelo yabasetyhini abaziphatha kakubi. Okuthakazelisayo kukuba, abazama ukufunyaniswa nabo bafumana amaqela ahlukumezekileyo ngokwesini, abafana babenokukwazi ukuxelisa izenzo zobundlobongela xa iintombazana zinakho ukuxelisa ulwaphulo lomlomo.
- Abaphandi bachanekile ekuchazeni kwabo ukuba abafana baya kubaphatha ngokugqithiseleyo kunamantombazana. Amakhwenkwe asebenzisana ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwezenzo zobundlobongela kunamantombazana.
Ngoko Ziziphi iziphumo zeButura ziphakamisa?
Iziphumo zovavanyo lweBobo doll zayixhasa inkolelo yokufunda yentlalo yeBurura. I-Bandura kunye nabalingane bakhe bakholelwa ukuba uvavanyo lubonisa indlela iimpawu ezizodwa ezinokufundwa ngayo ngokubonwa kunye nokuxelisa. Ababhali bacebisa ukuba "ukuxelisa abantu ngokukhawuleza kunokukhawuleza okanye kukufutshane-kunqunywe ukufunyanwa kwezinto ezintsha ngaphandle kokuba kufuneke ukuqinisekiswa ngokulandelelana ngokulandelelana njengoko kucetyiswa nguMnxeba ."
Ngokutsho kweButura, ukuziphatha kobundlobongela kwimizekelo yabantu abadala kuholele abantwana ukuba bakholelwe ukuba izenzo ezinjalo ziyamkeleka. Kwakhona waphakamisa ukuba ngenxa yoko, abantwana banokuba bathambekele ekuphenduleni ukuxhatshazwa kwintlonelo kwixesha elizayo.
Kwisifundo esilandelayo esenziwa ngo-1965, i-Bandura yabona ukuba nangona abantwana bebanokukwazi ukuxelisa ukuziphatha kakubi ukuba umzekelo omdala wavuzwa ngenxa yezenzo zakhe, abazange baxelise kakhulu ukuba babone umzekelo omdala ojeziswayo okanye ukugxekwa ngenxa yokuziphatha kwabo.
Iingcamango zesilingo seBobo Doll
Njengalo naluphi na uvavanyo, isifundo seDobo doll asikho ngaphandle kokugxeka:
- Ngenxa yokuba uvavanyo lwenzeka kwi-lab setting, abanye abahlalutyi bathetha ukuba iziphumo ezibonwayo kule ndawo zingabonakali ukuba kwenzekani kwihlabathi lenene.
- Isifundo sinokukhathazeka ngenxa yokukhethwa kwezinto. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bathatyathwa kwisibini esincinci sabafundi abelana ngokuhlukileyo kobuhlanga kunye noluntu. Oku kwenza kube nzima ukuvelisa iziphumo kubemi abaninzi, abahlukahlukeneyo.
- Ekubeni idatha iqokelelelwe ngokukhawuleza, kunzima ukwazi ukuba yintoni umphumo wexesha elide.
- Ukusebenza ngokugqithiseleyo kwi doll kuninzi kakhulu kunokubonisa ubundlobongela okanye ubundlobongela komnye umntu kwiindawo zangempela zehlabathi.
- Kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba abantwana babengenakukhuthazwa ukubonisa ubundlobongela xa bebetha idobo yaseBobo; Kunoko, mhlawumbi bazama ukukholisa abantu abadala.
- Abanye abagxeki bathi isifundo ngokwayo asiyiyo. Ngokuxhaphaza abantwana ukuba baziphathe kakubi, baphikisana, abazama ukufundisa babecala ukufundisa abantwana ukuba babe nobudlova.
ILizwi
Uvavanyo lukaButura luhlala lulunye lwezifundo ezaziwa kakhulu kwizengqondo. Namhlanje, izazi zengqondo zentlalo ziyaqhubeka zifunda isiphumo sokugonywa kwezenzo zabantwana. Ngenkulungwane yeshumi ukususela kwi-Bobo doll test, kuye kwaba namakhulu eengxelo malunga nokujonga ubundlobongela kuthintela njani ukuziphatha kwabantwana. Namhlanje, abaphandi baqhubeka bezindla ngombuzo wokuba ubundlobongela babantwana bubungqina kumabonwakude kumabhayisikobho bubhekisela kwimigudu enobudlova okanye yobundlobongela kwihlabathi lenene.
Imithombo:
I-Bandura, A. Impembelelo yamanqaku okuqinisa amandla ekuthengeni iimpendulo ezixelisayo. Umbhalo woBuntu kunye neNzululwazi yeNtlalo. 1965; 1: 589-595.
Bandura, A., Ross, D. & Ross, SA Transmission of aggression ngokulandela imodeli enobudlova. I-Journal ye-Psychology engaqhelekanga kunye neNtlalo. 1961; 63: 575-82.
UFerguson, i-CJ Blazing Angels okanye u-Evil Evil? Ngaba iMidlalo yeMidlalo eSebenzayo ingaba yinto efanelekileyo? Ukuphononongwa kweNgcaciso yengqondo. 2010; 14: 68-81.