Ukujonga Ubomi kunye Nefuthe likaWilhelm Wundt
Ngubani obonwa ngokuba nguyise wengqondo? Lo mbuzo awunayo impendulo eyinqumle-eyomileyo kuba abaninzi abantu baye banikela ngenjongo yokuqalisa, ukuphakama, kunye nokuziphendukela kweengqondo zanamhlanje. Siza kujonga ngokuthe ngqo umntu omnye odla ngokukhankanywa kunye nabanye abantu ababhekwa njengabawo oomasebe ahlukeneyo weengqondo .
UYise weeNzululwazi zengqondo
UWilhelm Wundt yindoda eyaziwayo ngokuqhelekileyo njengoyise wengqondo. Kutheni iWundt? Abanye abantu abanjengoHermann von Helmholtz, uGustav Fechner no-Ernst Weber babandakanyeka uphando lwezesayensi lwezesayensi, ngoko kutheni bengabonakali njengoyise weengqondo?
UWundt unikezelwa lo mbandela ngenxa yokubunjwa kwebhu yokuqala ye-psychology yokufunda , edlalwa njengesiqalo esisemthethweni sengqondo njengesazi ehlukeneyo kunye neyohlukeneyo. Ngokuseka ibhuleji esetyenziswe iindlela zenzululwazi ukufunda ingqondo yomntu kunye nokuziphatha kwayo, uWundt wathatha isingqondo sengqondo kumxube wefilosofi kunye ne-biology waza wenza indawo ekhethekileyo yokufunda.
Ukongeza kokwenza i-psychology isayensi eyahlukeneyo, uWundt naye waba neqela labafundi abaye baba ngabaphathi beengqondo ngokwabo. U-Edward B. Titchener wayejongene nokusekwa kwesikolo sombono owaziwa njengesakhiwo, uJames McKeen Cattell waba nguprofesa wokuqala weengqondo kwi-United States, kwaye uG. Stanley Hall wasungula itrayi yokufunda kwengqondo yokuqala e-US
Ubani uWilhelm Wundt? Ubomi obufutshane obomi bakhe
UWilhelm Wundt wayengumgqirha weengqondo waseJamani owasungula i-laboratory yokuqala ye-psychology eLeipzig, eJamani ngo-1879. Esi siganeko siyabonwa ngokubanzi njengokwakhiwa ngokusemthethweni kwengqondo njengesazi ezahlukileyo kwi-biology kunye nefilosofi.
Phakathi kwezinto ezininzi ezahlukileyo, uWundt wayeyena mntu wokuqala ukubhekisela kuye njengengqondo yeengqondo .
Ngokuqhelekileyo unxulumene nesikolo sombono owaziwa njengesakhiwo, nangona wayengumfundi wakhe u-Edward B. Titchener owayenomdla onyanisekileyo wokwakhiwa kwesi sikolo sengqondo. UWundt uphinde wavelisa uphando lolwazi olubizwa ngokuba yi- introspection , apho ababukeli abaqeqeshwe kakhulu beza kufunda kwaye baxelele umxholo weengcamango zabo.
Umsebenzi kaWilhelm Wundt kwi-Psychology
UWilhelm Wundt uphumelele kwiYunivesithi yaseHeidelberg ngegriki kwiyeza. Waqhubeka ukufundisisa ngokufutshane kunye noJohannes Muller kwaye kamva kunye nomfizi-physic uHermann von Helmholtz. Umsebenzi kaWundt kunye nala mabini abantu bacinga ukuba uye waba nefuthe elikhulu emsebenzini wakhe kamva kwimiqondo yengqondo.
Emva koko uWundt wabhala iMigaqo yePhysical Psychology (1874), eyanceda ukuseka iinkqubo zokwenza uphando lwengqondo. Emva kokuthatha isikhundla kwiYunivesithi yaseLiepzig, uWundt wasungula i-labs ye-labbs yokuqala yezobuchopho zengqondo eyokuqala ebudeni belo xesha. Nangona lebhu yesithathu sele ikhona- uWilliam James wamisela ibha e Harvard, ejolise ekunikeleni ukufundisa imiboniso kunokuzama. UG. Stanley Hall wasungula i-lab yaseMerika yaseLydney yaseYohn Hop lab.
I-Wundt idla ngokudibanisa nombono wezobugcisa obizwa ngokuba yi-structuralism, equka ukuchaza izakhiwo ezibumba ingqondo. Ulwakhiwo lwezakhiwo lubhekwa njengesikolo sokuqala sokucinga kwengqondo . Wayekholelwa ukuba i-psychology yayiyi-science yolwazi namava kwaye ababukeli abaqeqeshiwe bangachaza ngokuchanekileyo iingcamango, iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-introspection.
Nangona kunjalo, uWundt wenza ulwahlulo olucacileyo phakathi kokungeniswa kwezinto , okwakungakholelwa ukuba kwakungalungile, kunye nengqiqo yangaphakathi. Ngokutsho kweWundt, ukuqonda kwangaphakathi kubandakanya umbonisi oqeqeshwe kakuhle owaziyo xa kwakusungulwa umdla.
Inkqubo yeWundt ifuna ukuba umbonisi abe nolwazi olunzulu kwaye alumkele iingcamango zabo kunye nokuphendula kwi-stimulus kwaye ibandakanye iintetho ezininzi zokuvuselela. Ewe, kuba le nkqubo incike ekutheni ukuchazwa ngokwayo, iyakwazi ukuthobela. UWundt ukholelwa ukuba ukuchaneka ngokwemimiselo yolu vavanyo kwakuza kuphucula ubukhulu bemihlobiso.
Nangona iWundt ihlotshaniswa nokuqulunqwa kwesakhiwo , ingumfundi wakhe u- Edward B. Titchener owashukumisa isikolo sobunqwenela eMelika. Iimbali-mlando ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba iTitcherer empeleni yayichaza ngokubanzi iimbono zangaphambili zeWundt. Kunoko, uWundt ubhekisela kwingcamango yakhe njengesivolontiya. Ngoxa i-Tichener's structuralism iquka ukuphula izinto ukuze zifunde isakhiwo sengqondo, i-Blumenthal (1979) ibone ukuba indlela yeWundt yayininzi kakhulu.
UWundt naye wasungula iphephandaba lezengqondo zePhysical Studies . Ngo-2002 usetyenziso lweengqondo zeengqondo ezinamandla kakhulu zephondo le-20, i-Wundt yafakwa kwi-number 93.
Impembelelo kaWilhelm Wundt
Ukudalwa kwelebhu yengqondo kwakha isingeniso sengqondo njengendawo ehlukeneyo yokufunda kunye neendlela kunye nemibuzo yazo. Uxhasomali lukaWilhelm Wundt lwengqondo yezovavanyo lusekwa isigaba sokuziphatha kwaye ezininzi iindlela zakhe zokulinga zisasetyenziswa namhlanje.
UWundt naye wayenabantwana abaninzi ababa ngabafundi beengqondo, eziquka u-Edward Titchener, uJames McKeen Cattell , uCharles Spearman, uG. Stanley Hall , uCharles Judd noHugo Munsterberg .
Ezinye iingcinga zicatshangelwa kwakhona "Oobawo-Psychology"
Ininzi yabanye abacinga ngentsingiselo banokuthi bathi "ooyise beengqondo" ngandlela-thile. Ezi zilandelayo zimbalwa kwalaba bantu abaphawulwe kwiindawo ezithile zengqondo:
- UWilliam James : UYise we-American Psychology; uncedise ukuseka i-psychology e-US kunye nencwadi yakhe, i -Principles of Psychology , yaba yi-classical instant.
- Sigmund Freud: UBawo we-Psychoanalysis; iingcamango zakhe kunye nomsebenzi wasungulwa ngengqondo ye-psychoanalysis njengesikolo esikhulu sokucinga kwengqondo.
- UHugo Münsterberg : Ubaba wase-Applied Psychology; Wayenguvulindlela woovulindlela bokuqala kwiindawo ezibandakanyekayo ezibandakanya iiklinikhi, iingcali kunye nezoshishino-kwengqondo .
- UJohn Bowlby : UYise weNkcazo yokuQinisa; waqulunqa imfundiso ye-attachment.
- UKurt Lewin : UYise woLuntu wezeNtlalo; umsebenzi wakhe waphayona ukusebenzisa iindlela zesayensi ukuze afunde ukuziphatha kwentlalo.
- U-Edward Thorndike : UYise we-Modern Psychology; uphando lwakhe kwinkqubo yokufunda luncede ukuseka isiseko seengqondo zezemfundo.
- UJean Piaget : UBawo woPhuhliso lwezeNzululwazi; Ingcamango yakhe yokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yatshintsha indlela uphando olucinga ngayo ngokukhula kwabantwana.
- Ulric Neisser: UYise weNzululwazi yezoNzululwazi zanamhlanje; ukunyuswa kwengqondo kwi-psychology kwandula ukukhutshwa okukhulu kwincwadi yakhe ye-1967, iCognitive Psychology .
- Witner Lightner: UYise weNzululwazi yeeKlinikhi zanamhlanje; wasungula iphephandaba lokuqala lehlabathi elizinikezelwe kwi -Psychological Clinic , ngo-1907.
- UGordon Allport : UBawo woBuntu kwiSyngqondo; wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala beengqondo ukufunda ubuntu.
ILizwi
UWundt wayengesiye kuphela umntu wokuqala ukuba azibhekiselele njengengcali yeengqondo, naye wasungula ingqondo yengqondo njengoluleko olusemthethweni oluhlukileyo kwifilosofi kunye ne-biology. Nangona indlela yakhe yokuchasayo ayifani nxamnye nobunzulu bezophando namhlanje, ukugxininisa kwindlela yokulinga kwandlela indlela yexesha elizayo lezesayikholo. Ngombulelo kumsebenzi wakhe kunye neminikelo, intsha entsha yasungulwa kwaye yaphefumlela abanye abaphandi ukuba bahlolisise baze bafunde ingqondo kunye nokuziphatha komntu.
Kucacile ukuba, akubona wonke umntu uya kuvuma nalezi zihloko eziqhelekileyo. Abantu abambalwa banokubonisa ukuba uFrud nguyise weengqondo ngenxa yokuba mhlawumbi omnye wabafundi bakhe "abaziwayo". Abanye bangabonisa ukuba u-Aristotle unguyise oyinyaniso wengqondo, kuba unembopheleleko yesakhelo kunye nefilosofi eyabangela ukuba kuqalwe ukuqala kwengqondo. Kanti abanye bangatsho ukuba abaphandi bokuqala abafana no-Helmholtz noFechner bafanelwe ukuthenga ngetyala njengabasunguli beengqondo.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yiliphi icala lempikiswano oyikhoyo, enye into elula ukuvumelana nayo kukuba bonke aba bantu babenempembelelo ebalulekileyo ekuphuhlisweni nasekuphuhlisweni kwengqondo. Nangona iingcamango zomntu ngamnye zingabalulekanga njengamhlanje, zonke ezi zengqondo zibalulekile ngexesha labo kwaye zineempembelelo enkulu kwindlela i-psychology eguquke ngayo kwinto namhlanje.
> Imithombo:
> Hergenhahn, i-BR & Henley, T. Isingeniso kwiNkcazo ye-Psychology. EBelmont, CA: iWadsworth Cengage Learning; 2014.
> Rieber, RW (ed). UWilhelm Wundt kunye nokwenziwa kweScientific Psychology. INew York: I-Plenum Press; 2013.
> Wertheimer, M. Imbali emfutshane ye-Psychology. INew York: I-Psychology Press; 2012.