I-Psychology yintsimi ebanzi equka ukuphononongwa kwengcamango yabantu, ukuziphatha, ukuphuhliswa, ubuntu, imvakalelo, ukukhuthazwa, kunye nokunye. Ukufumana ukuqonda okucebileyo nokujonge ngakumbi kwengqondo kunokunceda abantu bafezekise ingqalelo kwizenzo zabo kunye nokuqonda okungcono kwabanye.
Yintoni i-Psychology?
I-Psychology isifundo sengqondo nokuziphatha.
Uphando lwezesengqondweni lufuna ukuqonda nokucacisa indlela abantu bacinga ngayo, benze ngayo, bazive. Iingcali zengqondo zizama ukufunda okungakumbi malunga nezinto ezininzi ezinokuchaphazela ingcamango nokuziphatha, ukusuka kwiimpembelelo zezinto eziphilayo kwiingcinezelo zentlalo.
Izicelo zengqondo ziquka unyango lwempilo yengqondo, ukuphucula ukusebenza, ukuzinceda, i-ergonomics, kunye nezinye izinto ezichaphazela impilo nempilo yemihla ngemihla. Kunzima ukumbamba yonke into yokuba ingqondo yengqondo iqulethe inkcazo emfutshane nje, kodwa izihloko ezifana nophuhliso, ubuntu, iingcamango, iimvakalelo, iimvakalelo , izizathu zokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha kwezentlalo zimela nje isahluko siphi i-psychology esifuna ukuyiqonda, ukuqikelela, nokucacisa.
Kukho ukudideka okukhulu apho malunga neengqondo. Ngelishwa, iingcamango ezinjalo ezingalunganga malunga neengqondo zixhamle kwiindawo ezinombulelo kwizibonakaliso ezibonakalayo zengqondo kwiimidiya ezidumileyo kunye neendlela ezahlukeneyo zemisebenzi zalabo abambe iidiski zeengqondo.
Ngokwezinye iiprogram ezithandwayo zethelevishini kunye namafilimu, iingqondo zengqondo zizinto ezinzulu ezingasebenzisa ukuqonda kwabo kwengqondo yomntu ukuxazulula ulwaphulo-mthetho nokuqikelela ukuhamba kwesigqeba esilandelayo. Ezinye iziboniso zendabuko zibonisa isazi senzululwazi njengesigqoko nesilumko, sihleli eofisini elihle kakhulu elihlanganiswe neencwadi, nokuphulaphula abaxumi malunga nezingane zabo ezinzima.
Ngoko yintoni i-psychology ngempela? Inyaniso kukuba kukho inyaniso encinci kule mizobo ecacileyo, kodwa kuninzi ngakumbi kwi-psychology kunokuba ungacinga kuqala. Kukho ulwahluke kakhulu kwimisebenzi yengqondo kwaye mhlawumbi lolu luhlu olubanzi lweendlela zemisebenzi ezichaphazela ezinye iingcinga ezingalunganga malunga neengqondo kunye nantoni na izazi zengqondo.
Ngokuqinisekileyo, kukho iingcali zeengqondo eziza kunceda ukucombulula ulwaphulo-mthetho kwaye kukho ubuninzi beengcali ezibanceda abantu ukujongana nempilo yengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho neengqondo zeengqondo ezenza igalelo ekudaleni indawo zokusebenzela. Kukho iingcali zeengqondo eziyilo kunye nokuphumeza iinkqubo zempilo karhulumente. Ezinye izazi zeengqondo ziphanda izihloko ezifana nokukhuselwa kwendiza, ukucwangciswa kwekhompyutheni kunye nobomi bempi. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba zisebenza phi, iinjongo zabo eziphambili zikunceda ukuchaza, ukuchaza, ukuqikelela, nokuchaphazela ukuziphatha kwabantu.
Indlela i-Psychology eya kuba ngayo namhlanje
Iingqondo zengqondo zakuqala zavela kwiintliziyo zombini kunye ne-biology. Iingxoxo zezi zifundo zibini zihamba phambili emva kweengcinga zakudala zamaGrike, kuquka uAristotle noSocrates. Igama elithi "ingqondo" lisuka kwigama lesiGrike elithi psyche, ngokubhekiselele ekuthiwa "ubomi" okanye "umoya." Iinguqulelo zegama ziquka "umphefumlo" okanye "uqobo."
Ukuvela kweengqondo njengengqungquthela eyahlukeneyo kunye nokuzimeleyo yecwaningo ngokuqinisekileyo kwafika xa uWilhelm Wundt esungula i- lab yokuqala kwengqondo yengqondo eLeipzig, eJamani ngo-1879.
Umsebenzi kaWundt wagxininisa ekuchazeni izakhiwo ezibumba ingqondo. Lo mbono wawuxhomekeke kakhulu ekuhlalutyweni kweemvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo ngokusetyenziswa kwe- introspection , inkqubo ephantsi kakhulu. UWundt ukholelwa ukuba abantu abaqeqeshwe kakuhle baya kuba nako ukuchonga ngokuchanekileyo iinkqubo zengqondo ezihambisane neemvakalelo, iimvakalelo kunye neengcamango.
Kuzo zonke iimbali zeengqondo, izikolo ezahlukahlukeneyo zengcamango ziye zakha ukuchaza ingqondo yomntu kunye nokuziphatha kwayo.
Kwezinye iimeko, izikolo ezithile zokucinga zaphakama ukuba zilawulwe kwintsimi yengqondo ngexesha elide. Nangona ezi zikolo zengcinga ngamanye amaxesha zibonwa njengemikhosi ekhuphisanayo, nganye imbono ibenegalelo ekuqondeni kwethu kwengqondo.
Ezi zilandelayo zezi zikolo eziphambili zengcamango kwengqondo.
- Isakhiwo sikaWundt nesiTitchener sasisona sikolo sokuqala, kodwa abanye baqalisa ukukhawuleza.
- I-psychologist yokuqala kunye nengcali yefilosofi uWilliam James wadibana nesikolo sokucinga esibizwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi, esagxininise ingqalelo kwinjongo yomntu kunye nokuziphatha.
- Kungekudala, ezi zikolo zokuqala zengcamango zaye zafikelela iindlela ezininzi eziphambili kunye neempembelelo zengqondo. I- psychoanalysis ka-Sigmund Freud igxile kwiindlela iingqondo ezingaqondanga ngayo ezichaphazela ukuziphatha kwabantu.
- Isikolo sokuziphatha sengcamango siphendukekile ekujongeni iimpembelelo zangaphakathi zokuziphatha kwaye zafuna ukwenza i-psychology ukufundwa kokuziphatha okubonakalayo.
- Kamva, indlela yokuphila yabantu ibaluleke ngokubaluleka kokukhula komntu kunye nokwenza izinto.
- Ngama-1960 kunye nee-1970, ukuguqulwa kwengqondo kwakha uphando lweenkqubo zangaphakathi zengqondo ezifana nokucinga, ukwenza izigqibo, ukuphuhlisa ulwimi kunye nokukhumbula.
Izinto ezi-4 eziphambili zokumazi ngeengqondo
I-Psychology Yayisisetyenzisiwe kunye nesiGwebo soBuchule
I-Psychology yintsimi esebenzayo kunye neyezemfundo ephonononga ingqondo kunye nokuziphatha komntu. Uphando lwezesengqondweni lufuna ukuqonda nokucacisa indlela esicinga ngayo, isenzo kunye nokuziva. Iingcali zengqondo zengqondo zibambelela ekuqondeni kwethu isizathu sokuba abantu baziphathe ngendlela efanelekileyo kunye neemeko ezahlukeneyo ezinokuchaphazela ingqondo kunye nokuziphatha komntu.
Njengokuba abaninzi abantu beqaphela, inxalenye enkulu yengqondo yenzelwe ukuxilongwa kunye nokunyangwa kwemiba yempilo yengqondo, kodwa yinto nje yecala le-iceberg xa kuziwa kwizicelo zengqondo. Ukongeza kwimpilo yengqondo , ingqondo yengqondo ingasetyenziswa kwimimandla echaphazelekayo kwimpilo kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla kubandakanya inhlalakahle, i-ergonomics, i-motivation, umveliso kunye nokunye okuninzi.
2. Kukho iindawo ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo kwi-Psychology
I-Psychology yintsimi ebanzi neyohlukeneyo. Ezinye iinkalo ezahlukeneyo kunye neendawo ezizodwa ziye zavela. Ezi zilandelayo ziinkalo eziphambili zophando kunye nesicelo ngaphakathi kwengqondo:
- Ingqondo yengqondo engavumelekanga kukufunda ngokuziphatha okungaqhelekanga kunye ne-psychopathology. Lo mbandela uphambili ugxininiswe kuphando kunye nonyango lweengxaki ezahlukeneyo zeengqondo kwaye ludibaniswa nengqondo ye-psychotherapy kunye neengqondo zekliniki.
- I-psychological psychology , eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-biopsychology, ihlola indlela iinkqubo zezinto eziphilayo ezichaphazela ngayo ingqondo nokuziphatha. Le ndawo inxulumene ne-neuroscience kwaye isebenzisa izixhobo ezinjenge-MRI ne-PET ukujonga ukujonga ukulimala kwengqondo okanye ukungaqhelekanga kwengqondo.
- Ingqondo yengqondo ijolise ekuhlolweni, ukuxilongwa, kunye nokunyangwa kwengxaki yengqondo. Kukwaqwalaselwa kwakhona njengendawo enye yengqesho enkulu kwizengqondo.
- Ingqondo yeengqondo yinkqubo yokucinga ngomntu kunye neenkcukacha. Iingcali zeengqondo zifunda izihloko ezinjengokuqwalasela, imemori, ukuqonda, ukuthatha izigqibo, ukulungisa iingxaki kunye nokufumana ulwimi.
- Ingqondo yokuqhathanisa yisebe yeengqondo ezithintekayo ekufundeni ukuziphatha kwezilwanyana. Olu hlobo lophando lunokubangela ukuqonda okunzulu nokubanzi kwengqondo yengqondo.
- Ingqondo yengqondo yindawo ejongene nokukhula komntu kunye nokuphuhliswa kwexesha lokuphila. Iingcamango zidla ngokugxila ekuphuhlisweni kwamakhono okuqonda, ukuziphatha, ukusebenza kwentlalo, ubunikazi kunye nezinye iindawo zokuphila.
- Inzululwazi ye-forensic yintsimi esetyenziswayo igxininise ekusebenziseni uphando lweengqondo kunye nemigaqo kwinkqubo yobulungisa yomthetho nezobugebengu.
- Inzululwazi yezoqoqosho-mbutho yintsimi esebenzisa uphando lweengqondo ukuphucula ukusebenza komsebenzi, kwaye ukhethe abasebenzi.
- Ubuntu beengqondo kugxile ekuqondeni indlela ubuntu bukhula ngayo kunye neepatheni zeengcamango, ukuziphatha, kunye neempawu ezenza umntu ngamnye ahluke.
- Ingqondo yengqondo igxininise ekuqondeni ukuziphatha kweqela kunye nendlela iimeko zentlalo ezithinta ngayo ukuziphatha komntu ngamnye. Izihloko ezifundwa ngabasebenzi beengqondo zezenhlalakahle ziquka ukucinga, ukubandlulula, ukuhambelana nokuhlaselwa.
3. Iingcali zeengqondo zisebenzisa iindlela zeSayensi
Iingcali zengqondo zisebenzisa iindlela zenzululwazi zenzululwazi ukuqonda, ukuchaza, nokuqikelela ukuziphatha komntu. Ucwaningo lweengqondo luhlelwe kakuhle, luqala ngoluvo oluye lwahlolwa. Njengoko i-psychology yasuswa kude kwiingcambu zayo, izazi zeengqondo zaqala ukusebenzisa iindlela ezininzi zesayensi ukuze zifunde ukuziphatha kwabantu. Abaphengululi bemihla ngemihla basebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi kubandakanya uphando, izifundo zokudibanisa kunye nophando olude .
4. Kukho Izicelo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zeengqondo
Isicelo esicacileyo ngakumbi seengqondo sisemgangathweni yempilo yengqondo apho iingqondo zengqondo zisebenzisa imigaqo, uphando, kunye neziphumo zekliniki zokunceda abaxhasi ukuba baphathe kwaye banqobe iimpawu zokugula kwengqondo nokugula kwengqondo. Kukho nezinye iindlela ezininzi ezenziwa ngabafundi bezengqondo ekuncedeni abantu baphile ngcono, ubomi obuphilileyo . Uphando lweengqondo lunokuchaphazela umgaqo-nkqubo woluntu, ungasetyenziselwa ukuyila amanyathelo ezempilo karhulumente, kwaye unokukhokela iindlela zokufundisa kunye nokuphuhlisa abantwana.
ILizwi
Njengoko uyakubona, ngelixa i-psychology ingaba yintsimi yeselula nayo inomlinganiselo omkhulu kakhulu obini nobubanzi. Uvavanyo, ukuxilongwa, kunye nokunyangwa kwengqondo yengqondo zizinto eziphambili zengqondo, kodwa ingqondo yengqondo iquka okungaphezulu kwezempilo yengqondo. Namhlanje, izazi zengqondo zifuna ukuqonda imiba eyahlukeneyo yengqondo kunye nokuziphatha komntu, ukongeza ulwazi olutsha ekuqondeni kwethu indlela abantu bacinga ngayo kunye nokuphuhlisa izicelo ezibonakalayo ezinempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwimpilo yabantu bemihla ngemihla.
> Imithombo:
> I-American Psychiatric Association. Incwadana yokuxilonga kunye neenkcukacha zeengxaki zeengqondo (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Umbhali; 2013.
> Hothersall D. Imbali ye-Psychology, 4th ed. ENew York: i-Mcgraw-Hill; 2003.