UMary Whiton Calkins wayengumsizi weengqondo waseMelika owaba ngumongameli wokuqala we-American Psychological Association. Ngoxa wayenelungelo lokufumana isifundo sobugqirha kwi-Psychology evela eHarvard, eyunivesithi yenqaba ukumnika idigri kuba wayengowesifazane. Nangona kunjalo, waba ngumntu ochaphazelayo ekuphuhliseni i-psychology zakudala waza wafundisa abafundi abaninzi ngeendawo zakhe eWellesley College.
Umsebenzi owaziwayo
- Ukuziphathelisa iingqondo
- Ukufaka ubuchule bokubambisana
- Umongameli wokuqala we-APA umongameli
Isihlandlo seZenzo
- Wazalelwa ngo-Matshi 30, 1863 eHartford, Connecticut.
- 1884 - Abaphumelele kwiSchool College.
- 1887 - Waqala ukufundisa isiGrike eWellesley College.
- 1890 - Uqale ukuya kwiintetho eHarvard ezifundiswa nguWilliam James noJosiya Royce.
- 1892 - Wavunyelwa eHarvard "njengendwendwe."
- 1895 - Ukunikezelwa kwengqungquthela kwi-faculty yaseHarvard, kodwa inqatshelwe iqondo.
- 1927 - Umhlalaphantsi waseWellesley College.
- Wafa ngoFebhuwari 26, 1930 yomhlaza.
Minyaka yo kuqala
UMary Whiton Calkins waqalisa uSchool College ngowe-1882 njengomntu osisigxina. Ukufa kuka-1883 udadewabo kwabakhokelela ekuphumeni kwexesha elide esikolweni, nangona waqhubeka efundela izifundo ezizimeleyo. I-Calkins yabuyela kuSmith College ngowe-1884 kwaye yagqweswa ngokugxininisa kwiiklasi kunye nefilosofi.
Ekuqhubekeni kweNzululwazi:
Emva kokuphumelela kwiSchool College, uMary Whiton Calkins wayeqeshwe ukufundisa isiGrike eWellesley College.
Wayefundise iminyaka emithathu xa wayebonelelwa ukuba wayefundiswa kwindawo yokuhlala kwengqondo.
Ukuze afundise kwi-psychology, kwakufuneka afunde isifundo okungenani ngonyaka omnye. Ubunzima belikukuba kwakukho iinkqubo ezimbalwa zeengqondo ezifumanekayo ngexesha, kwaye zincinci ziza kwamkela abafazi abafake izicelo.
Ekuqaleni wayeqwalasela ukufunda kwamanye amazwe kodwa washiya loo mbono. Umgama kunye nokungabikho kwilebhu yengqondo kuye kwammisa ekubeni angene kwiiprogram zaseYale naseYunivesithi yaseMichigan.
Emva kokumenywa nguWilliam James ukuya kwezinye zezifundo zakhe eHarvard, uCalkins wacelwa ukuba avunyelwe ukuba ahlale kulezi zifundo. Ekuqaleni wayenqaba ukuphathwa kweHarvard, kodwa bobabili uyise kunye noMongameli waseWellesley College babhalela uHarvard egameni lakhe.
Isicelo sagunyazwa ngowe-1890, nangona iirekhodi zaseyunivesithi zithi "ngokuwamkela eli lungelo uMark Calkins akaba ngumfundi weYunivesithi enelungelo lokubhalisa" (Furumoto, 1980). Ngethuba eHarvard, waya kwiintetho ezinikezwa nguWilliam James noJosiya Royce waza wafunda ingqondo yengqondo noDkt. Edmund Sanford waseYunivesithi yaseClake.
Esenomdla ekuphandeleni izifundo zakhe zengqondo, uCalkins wabuye wacela ukuba avunyelwe ukufunda eHarvard noHugo Munsterberg . Isicelo sakhe sanikwa ngowe-1892, kodwa ngokubonelela ukuba wamkelwa kuphela njengesigwendwe, kungekhona njengomfundi.
Umsebenzi:
EHarvard, iCalkins yaqulunqa umsebenzi odibeneyo owawubandakanya ukubonisa abathathi-nxaxheba ngoluhlu lweemibala edibeneyo kunye neenombolo, ngoko uvavanya ukukhunjulwa kwenani eliye ladibene nombala.
Le ndlela yayisetyenziselwa ukufunda imemori kwaye yabe yanyatheliswa ngu- Edward B. Titchener , owathi wayetyala ngophuhliso lwayo.
Ngomnyaka we-1895, wanikela ngengqungquthela, uphando lovavanyo malunga nokudibanisa kweengcamango, kwikomidi eligqibeleleyo elibandakanya uWilliam James, uJosiya Royce noHugo Munsterberg. Nangaphandle kwemvume engavunyelwanga kwikomiti ye -sissis, uHarvard wayenqwenela ukunika iCalkins idigithi ayifumene nayo.
Kamva ngaloo nyaka, uCalkins wabuyela eWellesley College apho waqhubeka efundisa kude kube ngumhlala-phantsi wakhe ngo-1927.
Igalelo kwiNzululwazi
Ngaphezulu kwekhondo lakhe lokufunda, uCalkins wabhala ngaphezu kwamakhulu amaphepha eengcali kwiingqondo kunye nefilosofi.
Ukongeza ekubeni ngumongameli wokuqala wesifazane we-American Psychological Association, uCalkins naye wakhonza njengomongameli we- American Philosophical Association ngo-1918.
Phakathi kwegalelo lakhe elikhulu kwizengqondo ziveliswe ngobuchule bombutho obambini kunye nomsebenzi wakhe kwi-self-psychology. I-Calkins yayikholelwa ukuba ukuzingca kweyona nto ingundoqo ephambili kwengqondo. Ngaphandle kwegalelo likaMary Whiton Calkins, iHarvard igcinayo ukwenqaba ukunika iqondo eliyifumene kunye nempembelelo yakhe kwiengqondo zisoloko zinyanzelwa ngabafundi nabafundi.
Imisebenzi ekhethiweyo nguMary Whiton Calkins
Calkins, uMary Whiton. (1892). Iingcali zengqondo kwiWellesley College. I-American Journal ye-Psychology , 5, 464-271.
Calkins, uMary Whiton (1908a). I-Psychology njengezesayensi. Mna: Ngaba umzimba womzimba okanye unayo umzimba? Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods , 5, 12-20.
Calkins, uMary Whiton. (1915). Ubulumko kwizengqondo zesayensi. I-American Journal ye-Psychology , 26, 495-524.
Calkins, uMary Whiton. (1930). I-Autobiography kaMary Whiton Calkins. Ku-C. Murchison (Umq.), Imbali yengqondo kwi-autobiography (I-Vol 1, iphe. 31-62). IWorcester, MA: iChrisk University Press.
Iingxelo: Furumoto, L. (1980). UMary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930). I-Psychology yabaseTyhini ngekota, 5, 55-68.