UStanley Milgram wayengumlondolozi weengqondo ngokusetyenziswe ngokunyanisekileyo. Uphando lwakhe lubonise indlela abantu abazimisele ngayo ukuthobela igunya. Iimvavanyo zakhe zikhunjulwa ngemicimbi yazo yokuziphatha, eyabangela ukuba utshintsho kwindlela onokuyenza ngayo namhlanje.
Funda kabanzi ngobomi bakhe, ilifa, kunye nefuthe kwizengqondo kwili biography emfutshane.
U-Stanley Milgram Uyaziwa ngokugqithiseleyo ngokuba:
- I-Milgram Yokuthobela Ukuvavanya
- Owaziyo
- Icandelo leeNgcinci yehlabathi
Obomi bakwangoko
UStanley Milgram wazalelwa ngo-Agasti 15, 1933 kwintsapho yamaYuda ayefudukela kwiNew York City. UMilgram waya esikolweni sikaJames Monroe High, apho wakhawuleza wafumana udumo njengomsebenzi onzima kunye nenkokeli eqinile kwaye wagqiba isikolo esiphakamileyo kwiminyaka emithathu nje. Omnye wabafundi afunda naye kwakuyi-future psychologyist socialist uFilipu Zimbardo .
Wathola iBachelor yakhe kwiNzululwazi yezobupolitika esuka eQueens College ngo-1954. Ngalesi sikhathi, iimfuno zakhe zatshintshela kwi-psychology, kodwa ekuqaleni wayegatywe kwiprogram ye-University of Harvard yoLwazi kwiNtlalontle ngenxa yokuba engazange athathe ikhosi enye yengqondo ngexesha le-grade-grade. Ekugqibeleni wakwazi ukufumana imvume kwaye wahamba waya kuzuza iPhD. kwi-Psychology ngo-1960 phantsi kolawulo lwezengqondo ze- Gordon Allport .
ImiSebenzi kunye neZenzo zokuLawula eziLwazi
Ngexesha lokufunda kwakhe iziqu, iMilgram yachitha iminyaka isebenza njengomcebisi uphando kuSolomon Asch owayenomdla wokuzihambelana namaqela oluntu. Uvavanyo luka-Asch oludumileyo lokuzibandakanya lubandakanya ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba bagwebe ubude bomgca. I-Milgram yaphefumlelwa ngophando kwaye yaqhuba ukwenza okufanayo okuza kumenza adume.
Waqala ukusebenza eYale ngo-1960 waza waqala ukuqhuba ukuthobela kwakhe ukuthobela ngo-1961. Kule mizamo, abathathi-nxaxheba babeyalelwe ngumntu ogunyazisiweyo ukuba anikezele omnye umntu amandla okombane. Enyanisweni, omnye umntu wayedibene kunye nokuzama nje ukuzityhaxeka. Okumangalisa kukuba, i-65 ekhulwini yabathathi-nxaxheba bekulungele ukuhambisa ukutshatyalazwa kwamandla angaphantsi kwee-oda ezivela kwi-experimenter.
Ngowe-1963, uMilgram wabuyela ekufundiseni eHarvard iminyaka embalwa kodwa akazange anikezwe umhlalaphantsi ngenxa yokuphikisana okuzungezelayo ngenxa yokuzama ukuthobela kwakhe ukuthobela. IYunivesithi yesiXeko saseNew York (iCUNY) yamcela ukuba aqhube phambili kwiprogram yengqondo yabo esanda kuqulunqwa, kwaye ngo-1974 wanyathelisa incwadi yakhe Ukuthobela iGunya . UMilgram wahlala kwiCUNY de wafa ngo-Disemba 20, 1984 ukusuka kwintliziyo.
Yintoni eyayiyiNkcazo yeStoyley Milgram kwiNzululwazi?
Izilingo ezilishumi elinesithoba ezazisenziwa nguMilgram ekuthobeleni kubonisa ukuba abantu bazimisele ukuthobela isigunyaziso nokuba ngaba izenzo zichasene nokuziphatha kwazo. Uvavanyo luyaziwa namhlanje, olukhankanywe malunga nayo yonke incwadi yesifundo senzululwazi.
Ngethuba u-Milgram ngokwakhe wayeyazi ukuba wayexhalabele inxaxheba yabathathi-nxaxheba bakhe, umsebenzi wakhe wayevame ukugxekwa ngokukhawuleza ngenxa yempembelelo engafanelekiyo yefuthe eyayinayo kwizifundo. Ingxenye yesizathu sokuba i- American Psychological Association iqulunqe imigangatho yokusebenzisana nezifundo zabantu nokuba kutheni iBhodi yokuHlola yeziNtu ikhona namhlanje ngenxa yomsebenzi kaMilgram.
Ngolwazi lwakhe lwango-2004, umbhali uTomas Blass wathi i-psychology yezenhlalakahle ivame ukugxothwa njengento ethi "ingqiqo." Ngenxa yeziphumo zakhe ezimangalisa, uMilgram wakwazi ukubonisa ukuba izinto esizicingayo esiziyo ngawe kunye nendlela esiziphatha ngayo kumaqela asekuhlaleni akunakwenzeka oko.
Ngokwenene, i-Milgram yakwazi ukukhanya kancinci kwintsiphelo yengqondo abanye abangayibona njengento ebalulekileyo, kodwa ukuba ngokwenene ibonisa inyaniso ebalulekileyo malunga nokuziphatha kwabantu.
"Inani elithile labantu lenza oko baxelelwa ukuba benze, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngumxholo wesenzo, kwaye bengenasifo sesazela, ngokude nje baqonda ukuba umyalelo uvela kummandla osemthethweni," uMilgram wachaza ngomsebenzi wakhe.
ILizwi
Ucwaningo lukaMilgram malunga nokuthobela lwaphazamisa abantu ngexesha lama-1960, kodwa iziphumo zakhe zifanelekileyo kwaye ziyamangalisa nanamhlanje. Nangona ukufunyaniswa kwakutshanje kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba kunokubakho iingxaki ngeenkqubo zakhe zokuhlola, izimpendulo zomsebenzi wakhe zifumene ukuba abantu bayamangalisa ukuthobela iziphathamandla zamanani - nangona beyazi ukuba imiyalelo abalandelayo bayiphutha.
Iingxelo:
Blass, T. Indoda Eyikhathazayo Ihlabathi: Ubomi Nelifa likaStanley Milgram. ENew York: iiNcwadi eziSiseko; 2017.
> IMilgram, S. Ukuthobela iGunya. ENew York: Harper Perennial; 2009.