Abaphandi banamhlanje Umbuzo we-Milgram's Findings
Ukuba ngaba igunya liyakuyala ukuba unikezele ukutshitshiswa kombane komnye umntu, ingabe uya kulandela imiyalelo? Uninzi lwabantu luya kuphendula ngokuthi "hayi". Nangona kunjalo, uvavanyo lwe-Milgram lokuthobela lujolise ukubonakalisa ngenye indlela.
Ngexesha lama-1960, isazi sezengqondo seYunivesithi yaseYale uStanley Milgram senza uchungechunge lokuthobela okubangele iziphumo ezimangalisayo.
Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukujonga okuphosakeleyo nokuphazamisayo kwigunya lokulawula nokuthobela .
Uphando olutshanje lunokungabaza ukuba ezinye zeziphumo ezifunyenwe nguMilgram kwaye zize zibuze iziphumo kunye neenkqubo ngokwabo. Nangona kukho iingxaki, isifundo siye, ngokungathandabuzeki, sichaphazela kakhulu ingqondo.
Yiyiphi i-Milgram Iimvavanyo?
"Ingqondo yezenhlalakahle kule nkulungwane iveza isifundo esiyinhloko: ngokuqhelekileyo akunjalo uhlobo lomntu umntu njengolu hlobo apho efunyanwa khona. " - UStanley Milgram, ngo-1974
UMilgram waqalisa ukuzama kwakhe ngo-1961, kungekudala emva kokuvalelwa kweNkozwe yeMfazwe yehlabathi II uAdolph Eichmann wayeqalile. Ukukhusela kuka-Eichmann ukuba wayelandela nje imiyalelo xa wayala ukuba ukufa kwezigidi zamaYuda kwavusa umdla kaMilgram.
Ngomxholo we-1974 othi " Ukuthobela iGunya ," uMilgram wabuza umbuzo othi, "Ngaba ngaba uEichmann kunye neziganeko zakhe ezizigidi ezixhatshazelwa kwiNdawo yokuQhuQulwa kweNkcazo zazilandela nje imiyalelo?
Ngaba singazibiza zonke iinkampani? "
Ingqiqo yeeNgxelo ezixakekayo
Abathathi-nxaxheba kwiinguqu ezidumileyo zovavanyo lwe-Milgram babengamadoda angama-40 abanjwe ngokusebenzisa ipapasho zepapasho. Ukutshintshisa inxaxheba yabo, umntu ngamnye wahlawulwa i $ 4.50.
I-Milgram yavelisa i-generator ephazamisayo, ngamanqanaba okutshitshiswa ukusuka kwi-volts ezingama-30 kwaye yanda kwi-15-volt yenyuka yonke indlela ukuya kuma-volts ama-450.
Iinguqu ezininzi zibhalwe ngamagama kuquka "ukutshitshiswa okukodwa," "ukutshatyalaliswa ngokuthe ngqo" kunye "nengozi: ukutshitshiswa okukhulu." Iinguqu zokugqibela ezimbini zibhalwe nje nge "XXX."
Umntu ngamnye othatha inxaxheba uthathe indima "ngutitshala" oya kuthumela "umfundi" xa kunikwa impendulo engalunganga. Ngelixa umthathi-nxaxheba wayekholelwa ukuba unika ukutshutshiswa ngokwenene kumfundi, "umfundi" wayengumdibaniselwano kuloo mzamo owawuthatha nje ukuzityhola.
Njengoko uvavanyo lwaluqhubela phambili, umntu othabatha inxaxheba wayenokuva ukuba umfundi akhululwe okanye akhononde malunga nesimo senhliziyo. Emva kokuba bafikelele kumgangatho we-300-volt, umfundi uya kubhala eludongeni kwaye afune ukuba akhululwe. Ngaphaya kweli nqanaba, umfundi wahlala ethule kwaye akafuni ukuphendula imibuzo. Umhloli wachaza umntu othabatha inxaxheba ukuba aphathe olu cwaka njengempendulo engafanelekanga kwaye ahambise ukwethuka okungakumbi.
Uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba babuza umhloli ukuba ngaba kufuneka baqhubeke. I-experimenter ikhishwe uchungechunge lwemiyalelo yokunyusa inxaxheba kulo:
- "Nceda uqhubeke."
- "Uvavanyo lufuna ukuba uqhubeke."
- "Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba uqhubeke."
- "Awunayo enye indlela, kufuneka uqhubeke."
Ingaba iMancial Deliver Shock Maximum Shock?
Umlinganiselo wokuthobela wawuyinqanaba lokutshitshiswa apho umthathi-nxaxheba wayekulungele ukuhambisa. Ucinga ukuba uninzi lwabathathi-nxaxheba luzimisele kangakanani ukuya?
Xa i-Milgram ibuza lo mbuzo kwiqela labafundi beYunivesithi yaseYale, kwaxelwa ukuba akukho abathathu abathathi-nxaxheba abayi-3 abaza kunika ukutshatyalaliswa okukhulu. Enyanisweni, iipesenti ezingama-65 zabathathi-nxaxheba kwi-Milgram yafundiswa ngokutsha .
Kwabathathi-nxaxheba abangama-40 kwisifundo, 26 bahambisa ubunzima obukhulu xa i-14 ima phambi kokufikelela kumazinga aphezulu. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ezininzi zezifundo zavutha kakhulu, ziphazamisekile kwaye zithukuthele, kodwa zaqhubeka zilandela imiyalelo yonke indlela eya ekupheleni.
Ngenxa yokuxhalabisa ngokumalunga nokuxhalaba ababeninzi kubathathi-nxaxheba, wonke umntu wayexoxwa ngokugqithiseleyo ekupheleni kovavanyo. Abaphandi bachaza iinkqubo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwenkohliso.
Nangona kunjalo, abagxeki abaninzi besifundo baxelele ukuba abaninzi abathathi-nxaxheba badidekile ngokuphathelele ubunjani bovavanyo. Emva koko uMilgram wahlola abathathi-nxaxheba waza wafumanisa ukuba iipesenti ezingama-84 zavuya ukuba ziye zathatha inxaxheba ngelixa i- 1 pesenti izisole ngokubandakanyeka kwabo .
Imibuzo Yokuziphatha I-Milgram iphakanyisiwe
Ngelo xesha uphando lukaMilgram luphakamisa imibuzo enzulu malunga nokusetyenziswa kwezifundo zabantu kwiingqondo zengqondo , iziphumo zakhe ziye zaphindaphindiwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kwiimvavanyo ezongezelelweyo. UTomas Blass (1999) uhlalutye uphando olongezelelweyo malunga nokuthobela waza wafumanisa ukuba iziphumo zikaMilgram zinyaniseka kwezinye iilingo.
Kutheni abantu abaninzi kangaka abathathi-nxaxheba kulo mzamo benza isenzo esibonakala sibuhlungu xa sichazwa ngumntu ogunyazisiweyo? Ngokutsho kweMilgram, kukho izinto ezinokuthi zichaze amanqanaba aphezulu okuthobela:
- Ubukho bobukhulu bokuba negunya lubonisa ukuthotyelwa ngokukhawuleza.
- Iqiniso lokuba i-Yale (isikhungo esithembekileyo nesigunyazisiweyo semfundo) sixhaswe ngokuqhutywa kweso sifundo senze ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba abaninzi bakholelwe ukuba ukuzama kufuneka kukhuselekile.
- Ukukhethwa kootitshala kunye nesimo somfundi kubonakala kungahleliwe.
- Abathathi-nxaxheba bacinga ukuba uvavanyo luyincali efanelekileyo.
- Ukutshutshiswa kuthiwa bubuhlungu, akuyingozi.
Kamva iimvavanyo ezenziwa nguMilgram zibonise ukuba ubukho beentanga ezivukelayo zanciphisa amanqanaba okuthobela. Xa abanye abantu benqaba ukuhamba kunye ne-oda ye-experimenter, aba-36 kwabangu-40 abathathi-nxaxheba bayeka ukuhambisa amanqaku amaninzi.
"Abantu abaqhelekileyo, benza imisebenzi yabo nje, kwaye bengenayo inzondo yabo, banokuba ngabaxumi kwinkqubo ewonakalisayo. Ngaphezu koko, nangona imiphumo emibi yomsebenzi wabo icacile ngokucacileyo, kwaye bayacelwa ukuba benze izenzo ezingahambelaniyo kunye nemilinganiselo ebalulekileyo yokuziphatha, abantu abambalwa abanemithombo efunekayo yokulwa negunya, "uMilgram uchaze" Ukuthobela iGunya. "
Uvavanyo lukaMilgram luye lwaba yintsikelelo yengqondo , ibonisa ingozi yokuthobela. Uphando lubonisa ukuba iinguqu zeemeko zineendlela ezinamandla kunezinto zobuntu ekuqaliseni ukuthobela. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iingqondo zengqondo zithi izinto zombini zangaphakathi nezo zangaphakathi zichaphazela kakhulu ukuthobela, ezifana neenkolelo zobuqu kunye nomoya.
Abaphandi baphendule iMilgram: Ngaba abantu babeya kuthobela?
Ngo-2009, abaphandi baqhuba isifundo esilungiselelwe ukuphendula umzekelo wokulalela u-Milgram. Kwinqaku epapashwe kwi-APS Observer, isazi sezengqondo uJerry Burger weYunivesithi yaseSanta Clara kunye nomlobi wesifundo sichaze indlela ukufunda ngayo i-Milgram namhlanje:
Imifanekiso ebomnyama kunye nemhlophe yabantu abemi abaqhelekileyo bezisa oko kubonakala ngathi kuyingozi, ukuba kungabhubhi, ukutshitshiswa kwamagesi kunye neziphumo zeziphumo zobutshabalali ezifana nokuQothulwa kobuNtu kunye no-Abu Ghraib abaxothwanga ngokukhawuleza. Imibuzo emalunga nophando ayiphenduliwe. Iintloko phakathi kwezi zinto zikhona xa zingenayo iziphumo ezifunyanwa ngabafundi: Ngaba abantu babeya kwenza njalo namhlanje? "
I-Burger yenza utshintsho oluninzi kuMilgram.
- Inqanaba lokutshitshiswa okukhulu liyi-150-volts ngokuchasene ne-original-volts 450.
- Abathathi-nxaxheba babekwacanyiswa ngenyameko ukuba banqunyulwe abo bangase babe neempembelelo ezimbi kumzamo.
Iziphumo zolu vavanyo olutsha luye lwabonisa ukuba abathathi-nxaxheba baphulaphula ngesilinganiso esifanayo xa uMilgram eqhube isifundo sakhe sokuqala ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-40 edlulileyo.
Inkomfa kaJanuwari 2009 ye- American Psychologist iqulethe ingxoxo evela kwezinye iingcali zengqondo malunga nokuqhathaniswa okunokwenzeka phakathi kokulinga kukaMilgram kunye nokufunda kukaBurger.
NgokukaArthur G. Miller, Ph.D. kwiMyunivesithi yaseMiami , "... kukho ukungafani kakhulu phakathi kwesi sifundo kunye nophando lokuthobela lwangaphambili ukuvumela ukuthelekiswa okucacileyo kunye noluncedo."
Nangona kunjalo, u-Alan C. Elms, PhD, weYunivesithi yaseCalifornia, uDavis wathi ukuphindaphinda kwakunelungelo. I-Elms ibonise ukuba ngelixa "ukuthelekiswa okuthe ngqo kwamanqanaba apheleleyo okuthobelayo akunakwenziwa phakathi kwe-150-volt yocwangciso lophando lweBurger kunye ne-Milgram engu-450-volt ephezulu, iinkqubo ze-Burger" obedience lite "zingasetyenziselwa ukuhlolisisa ezinye zeendlela eziguqukayo wafundiswa nguMilgram kunye nokujonga ezinye izinto eziguqukileyo, "ezifana nokuhlukana kwendawo kunye nobuntu.
Iziphumo zokugqibela kunye neziphumo ezintsha
Iingcali zengqondo uGina Perry ukhombisa ukuba into esicinga ukuba siyayazi malunga novavanyo oludumile lukaMilgram luyingxenye yebali. Ngoxa uphando ngeqaku elithile ngesihloko, wakhubeka kumawaka eelayipapu efunyenwe kwii-archives zeYale ezibhalwe ngokungafani kwezilingo zokuxhatshazwa kukaMilgram.
Ngaba iiNkcazo zaziQinisekile?
Ngethuba i-Milgram ingxelo zeenkqubo zakhe zenza ingxelo ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo kunye neendlela ezifanayo, ii-audiotapes zityhila into eyahlukileyo. Ngethuba leeseshoni zokulinga, abadlali bavame ukuhamba-script baze baqhube izifundo ekuqhubekeni kokutshutshiswa.
Ukuthobela ukuthobela igunya esiye sidibanisa neMilgram kuluvo luza kufana nokuxhatshazwa nokunyanzelisa xa uphulaphule ukurekhoda, "uPerry wacetyiswa kwinqaku le- Discover Magazine .
Abathathi-nxaxheba abambalwa babenokwenene
Uvavanyo lukaMilgram luye lwaba ngumthombo wokugxeka kunye nokuphikisana okukhulu. Ukusuka ekuhambeni, ukuziphatha kweemvavanyo zakhe kwakungathandabuzeki. Abathathi-nxaxheba babephantsi koxinzelelo olunzulu lwengqondo nangokomzwelo.
UMilgram wacetyiswa ukuba izifundo ziyi "dehoaxed" emva kokulinga. Nangona kunjalo, iziphumo zikaPerry zityhila ukuba ngabantu abangama-700 okanye abantu abaye bathatha inxaxheba kwiimeko ezahlukileyo zezifundo zakhe phakathi ko-1961 no-1962, bambalwa kakhulu abaye baxoxwa ngokwenene.
Ukuxubusha okwenyaniso kuya kubandakanyeka ukuchaza ukuba iintlungu azizange zenzeke kwaye omnye umntu akalimanga. Kunoko, iiseshoni ze-Milgram zazijolise ekuthobiseni izifundo phantsi phambi kokuzithumela endleleni. Abaninzi bashiye kwiimeko ezixinzelelekileyo. Nangona inyaniso yavezwa kwiinyanga okanye nokuba yiminyaka kamva, abaninzi bebengakhange baxelelwe into.
Utshintsho olwenziwe kwiZiphumo ezahlukileyo
Enye ingxaki kukuba inguqu yocwaningo olwenziwa nguMilgram kunye nelo lidla ngokuphindaphindiweyo alithethi ibali elipheleleyo.
I-statistic engama-65 ekhulwini labantu abaphulaphule imiyalelo esetyenziselwa kuphela ukuhlukahluka kovavanyo, apho izifundo ezingama-26 kwezi-40 zithobela. Kweminye imihlobo, abantu ababancinane bazimisele ukulandela imiyalelo yabahloli kunye nezinye iinguqu zolu cwaningo, akukho nxaxheba abathobelayo.
Ngaba Bayazi "Umfundi" Wayebamba?
U-Perry wadibana nabantu abathile ababambe inxaxheba kumalinge kunye nabancedisi bophando lukaMilgram. Oko akufumanisa kukuba abaninzi bakhe babenqwenela ukuba yiyiphi injongo kaMilgram kwaye wayesazi ukuba "umfundi" wayezenza nje.
Ezi ziphumo zenza iMilgram iziphumo ekukhanyeni okusha. Ibonisa ukuba uMilgram akazange asebenze ngokuzikhethela ekuhambeni okungahambi kakuhle ukuze afumane iziphumo ayezifunayo kodwa abaninzi abathathi-nxaxheba bebedlala nje.
Kamva uPerry wachaza ku-NPR ukuba ukuphinda amanyathelo ophando lukaMilgram kwandise iingqondo zakhe kunye neenkolelo ngenye yezona zibalo zidumileyo kwaye ziphikisana neengqondo.
"Ndamjonga uStanley Milgram njengomntu ongeyonto engacatshangwanga oye wahlawuliswa ngeendlela ezithile zokutyhila into ephazamisayo kunye nefuthe ngobuntu," utshele uNPR. "Ekupheleni kophando lwam, ngokwenene ndandibona ngumbono ohluke kakhulu kumntu kunye nophando."
Ukuthobela kuxhomekeke kwizinto ezimbalwa ezibalulekileyo
Umsebenzi wakutshanje owenziwa ngabaphengululi ubonisa ukuba ngelixa abantu bathambekele ekuthobeleni izibalo zamagunya, le nkqubo ayinjalo njengomnquma-omile njengoko iMilgram ibonisa.
Incoko ka-2012 eshicilelwe kwi- PLoS Biology , izazi zeengqondo uAlex Haslam noStephen Reicher bacetyise ukuba umlinganiselo abantu abazimisele ukuthobela imiyalelo engathandekiyo yegunya elixhomekeke kuninzi kwizinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo:
- Ingakanani umntu ovumelanayo kunye nemiyalelo
- Bangakanani abaqaphelayo ngomntu onika imiyalelo
Nangona kucacile ukuba abantu baninzi banokubakhokelela ekuthandeni, ekukholiseni nasekuthobeleni kunokuba babehlala befuna ukuba njalo, basuke bengabikho kumajelo angenangqiqo athatha nje i-oda.
Kutheni Isifundo SeMilgram Sisaqina Kangako?
Ngoko kutheni ukuzama kukaMilgram kugcina ibambelelo elinamandla kwiingcamango zethu, emva kweeminyaka emva kweqiniso? U-Perry ukholelwa ukuba nangona yonke imicimbi yayo yokuziphatha kunye nengxaki yokungakhange ikwazi ukuphindaphinda inkqubo ye-Milgram, isifundo sithathe inxaxheba yento abiza ngayo "umzekeliso onamandla."
Umsebenzi we-Milgram awunakufumana iimpendulo kwinto eyenza abantu bakuthobele okanye bafikelele kwizinga elithobelayo. Kodwa ke, waphefumlela abanye abaphandi ukuba bahlolisise oko kwenza abantu balandele imiyalelo kwaye, mhlawumbi kubaluleke ngakumbi, oko kubakhokelela ekubeni babuze umbuzo.
> Umthombo:
> Burger J. Ukuxela iMilgram: Ngaba abantu babeya kuthobela namhlanje? I-Psychologist yaseMerika, ngo-2009; 64 (1): 1-11. i-doi: 10.1037 / a0010932.
> Elms AC. Ukuthobela lite. Iingcali zeMilo zaseMerika. 2009; 64 (1): 32-36. i-doi: 10.1037 / a0014473.
> Haslam SA, Reicher SD. Ukukhawulisa "Ubume" bokuvumelana: Yiyiphi i-Milgram kunye neZimbardo's Studies ezibonakalisa ngokwenene. PLoS Biology. 2012.0doi: 10.1371 / iphephandaba.pbio.1001426.
> Miller AG. Ukucamngca 'Ukuxela iMilgram' (i-Burger 2009), i-American Psychologist. 2009; 64 (1): 20-27.
> I-Perry G. Inyaniso eyoyikrakra yeZiqendu eziqhelekileyo zokuthobela. Fumana uMagazini. 2013.
> Zonke izinto zicatshangelwe. Ukuthatha isondelelo Khangela i-Milgram Yokumamela Ukuthobela. KwiRadiyo kaRhulumente kaRhulumente. Agasti 28, 2013.