Ukususela kwiiNkulumko zoPhilosofi ukuya kwiNamhlanje
Ngoxa i-psychology yanamhlanje ibonakalisa imbali yezoqoqosho kunye neentlobo ezahlukeneyo, imvelaphi yeengqondo zohluke kakhulu kwiinkalo zemihla ngemihla. Ukuze ufumane ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo kwengqondo, kufuneka uchithe ixesha elithile ukuhlola imbali kunye nemvelaphi. Ingqondo yasuka njani? Kwaqala nini? Ngubani na abantu abajongene nokusekwa kwengqondo njengesazi ezahlukeneyo?
Kutheni sifundisisa i-Psychology History?
I-psychology ye-Contemporary inomdla kwinqanaba elibanzi lemixholo, ejongene nokuziphatha komntu kunye nenkqubo yengqondo ukusuka kwinqanaba le-neural ukuya kwinqanaba lekcubeko. Iingcali zengqondo zihlola imiba yabantu eqala ngaphambi kokuzalwa ize iqhubeke nokufa. Ngokuqonda imbali yengqondo, unokufumana ukuqonda okungcono ukuba zezi zihloko zifundwe nantoni na esiyifunayo ngoku.
Ukususela ekuqalekeni kwayo, i-psychology iye yajamelana nemibuzo yeenombolo. Umbuzo wokuqala wokuchaza indlela yokusebenza kwengqondo usinceda ukuyibeka njengesazi ezahlukileyo kwi-physiology nefilosofi.
Imibuzo eyongeziweyo eyenziwa yii-psychologists kwimbali ibandakanya:
- Ziziphi izihloko kunye nemiba kufuneka i-psychology ixhalabele?
- Ziziphi iindlela zokuphanda ezisetyenziselwe ukufundisisa ingqondo?
- Ngaba iingqondo zengqondo zifanele zisebenzise uphando ukuba zithintele umgaqo-nkqubo wezemfundo, imfundo kunye nezinye iinkalo zokuziphatha kwabantu?
- Ngaba ingqondo isayensi ngokwenene?
- Ingaba ingqondo kufuneka igxininise ekuziphatheni okubonakalayo, okanye kwiinkqubo zangaphakathi zengqondo?
Iziqalo zengqondo: Ifilosofi kunye nePhysics
Ngoxa i-psychology ayizange ivele njengoluleko oluhlukileyo ukuya ngasekupheleni kwee-1800, i-historia yayo yokuqala ingalandelwa kwixesha lamaGrike okuqala.
Ngexesha le-17 leminyaka, isazi sefilosofi saseFransi uRene Descartes sazisa imbono yobuninzi, eyathi inengqondo nomzimba zizinto ezimbini ezibambisanayo ukwenza amava abantu. Eminye imiba emininzi ixoxwa ngabaphathi beengqondo namhlanje, njengeminikelo enxulumene nemvelo kunye nokunyusa , ixhomekeke kule miqoqo yefilosofi yokuqala.
Ngoko ke yintoni eyenza i-psychology ihluke kwifilosofi? Ngelixa izazi zefilosofi zakudala zithembele kwiindlela ezifana nokubonwa kunye neengcinga, iingcali zengqondo zanamuhla zisebenzisa iindlela zenzululwazi zokufunda kunye nokufumana izigqibo malunga nengcinga kunye nokuziphatha komntu.
I-Physiology nayo yabangela inxaxheba ekukhuleni kwengqondo ngokugqibeleni njengengqeqesho yesayensi. Uphando olusisiseko lweengqondo kwiingqondo nokuziphatha luthe waba negalelo elikhulu kwizengqondo, ekugqibeleni ligalela ekusebenziseni iindlela zenzululwazi ekufundweni kwengcamango nokuziphatha komntu.
I-Psychology i-Emerges njengesiyalo esahlukileyo
Ngexesha le-1800s, i-physiologist yaseJamani ogama linguWilhelm Wundt wayetyenziselwa iindlela zophando zesayensi ukuphanda ixesha lokuphendula. Incwadi yakhe eyapapashwa ngo-1874, iMigaqo yePhysical Psychology , ichaze ezininzi ezinxibelelwano ezinkulu phakathi kwezesayensi ye-physiology kunye nokufunda ngengcamango yabantu nokuziphatha.
Kamva wavula i -lab yo kuqala ye-psychology lab ngo-1879 kwiYunivesithi yaseLeipzig. Esi siganeko ngokuqhelekileyo sijongwa njengesiqalo esisemthethweni sengqondo, njengesahluko esahlukileyo nesahlukileyo.
Wundt wabheka njani i-psychology? Wayeqonda ingqalelo njengesi sifundo sokuqonda komntu kwaye wazama ukusebenzisa iindlela zokulinga ukuhlola iinkqubo zengqondo zangaphakathi. Nangona ukusebenzisa kwakhe inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi- introspection kubonakala ingathembekanga kwaye ingayinzululwazi namhlanje, umsebenzi wakhe wangaphambili kwiengqondo zanceda ukubeka isigaba kwiindlela zokwenza izinto ezizayo. Abafundi abayi-17,000 abaye bafunda kwiintetho zeengqondo zeWundt, kunye namanqanaba angaphezu kwamakhulu angaphezu kweengqondo kunye nokufundisisa kwilebhu yengqondo.
Nangona iimpembelelo zakhe zancipha njengoko intsimi ikhula, impembelelo yakhe kwi-psychology ayinakuphikiswa.
Ulwakhiwo lweZakhiwo luba yiSchool School of Thinking
U-Edward B. Titchener , omnye wabafundi abadumileyo kuWundt, uya kuqhubeka nokufumana isikolo esikhulu sokuqala kwengqondo . Ngokwezakhiwo zengqungquthela , ukuqonda komntu kungaqhekeka zibe ziincinci. Ukusebenzisa inkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-introspection, izifundo eziqeqeshwe ziza kuzama ukuphula iimpendulo zabo kunye nokuphendula kwizinto eziphambili kunye neembono.
Nangona i-structuralism iyaphawuleka ngokugxininisa uphando lwezenzululwazi, iindlela zayo azizange zithembeke, zithintele kwaye zithembeke. Xa uTitchener wafa ngowe-1927, i-structuralism yafa kunye naye.
Imisebenzi kaWilliam James
I-Psychology yahluma eMelika phakathi ne-late-1800s. UWilliam James waphuma njengomnye weengcali ezinkulu ze-psychologi zaseMerika ngeli xesha kwaye epapasha incwadi yakhe yeklasi, i -Principles of Psychology , yamisa njengoyise weengqondo ze-American . Incwadi yakhe ngokukhawuleza yaba yimixholo epheleleyo kwisigloji sengqondo kwaye iingcamango zakhe zagqitywa njengesiko sesikolo esitsha sengcamango eyaziwa ngokuba ngumsebenzi.
Ingqwalaselo yomsebenzi yayikuthi indlela ukuziphatha kusebenza ngayo ngokwenene ukunceda abantu bahlala kwindawo yabo. Izindlela zokusebenza ezisetyenzisiweyo ezifana nokuqwalasela ngokuthe ngqo ukucinga ngengqondo yomntu kunye nokuziphatha. Zomibini zezi zikolo zakuqala zengcamango zazigxininisa ukuqonda komntu, kodwa iimfundiso zabo zahluke kakhulu. Nangona abaqulunqa befuna ukuphucula iinkqubo zengqondo kwiindawo zabo ezincinci, abaphathi beentlanga bakholelwa ukuba ukuqonda bekukhona njengenkqubo eqhubekayo yokuguqula. Nangona ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza kwasusa isikolo esicacileyo seengcamango, kuya kuqhubela phambili ukuchaphazela iingcali zengqondo kunye neengcamango zomntu kunye nokuziphatha.
I-Emergence ye-Psychoanalysis
Kuze kube ngolu hlobo, iingqondo zengqondo zakuqala zagxininisa amava abantu. Udokotela waseAustria ogama linguSigmund Freud utshintshe ubuso beengqondo ngendlela ephawulekayo, ephakamisa imbono yobuntu egxininise ukubaluleka kwengqondo engazi . Umsebenzi wekliniki kaFreud kunye nezigulane ezinobungozi kunye nezinye izifo zamshukumisela ukuba akholelwe ukuba amava okuqala abantwana kunye neempembelelo ezingenalwazi ziye zafaka isandla ekuphuculeni ubuntu kunye nokuziphatha kwabantu abadala.
Encwadini yakhe ethi Psychopathology ye-Dailyday Life , iFrud ichaze indlela ezi ngcamango kunye nempembelelo ezingabonakali ngayo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngokusebenzisa izilwanyana zolwimi (ezaziwa ngokuba yi "Freudian" ) kunye namaphupha . Ngokutsho kukaFrud, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kubangelwa yimpikiswano engenaziqheliselo okanye ingalingani. Ingcamango yengqondo ye-psychoanalytic ecetywayo nguSigmund Freud yaba nefuthe elikhulu kwiingcinga zekhulu le-20, echaphazela inkalo yempilo yengqondo kwakunye nezinye iindawo ezibandakanya ubugcisa, uncwadi kunye nenkcubeko eyaziwayo. Nangona ezininzi iingcamango zakhe zijongwa ngokungathandabuzekiyo namhlanje, impembelelo yakhe kwingqondo yengqondo ayinakuphikiswa.
Ukuphakama kokuziphatha
I-Psychology yashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ngethuba lokuqala kwekhulu lama-20 njengoko esinye isikolo sombono obizwa ngokuba yi- behaviorism savuka. Ukuziphatha kwakuyinguqu enkulu kwimibono yangaphambili yangaphambili, ukugatya ukugxininisa kwimiqondo engqondweni kunye nengqondo . Esikhundleni saloo ndlela, ukuziphatha kwenzelwa ukwenza i-psychology ingqeqesho yenzululwazi ngokugxila ekuziphatheni okubonakalayo.
Ukuziphatha kwakuqala ngokuqala ngomsebenzi we-physiologist waseRussia egama linguIvan Pavlov . Uphando lukaPavlov kwiinkqubo zokutya zezinja zenze ukuba kufunyaniswe inkqubo ye- classical conditioning , eyacetywayo ukuba izifundo zingakwazi ukufundwa ngokusebenzisa imibutho enemigangatho. IPavlov ibonise ukuba le nkqubo yokufunda isetyenziselwa ukwenza umbutho phakathi kokuvuselelwa kwendalo kunye nokuvuselela ngokwemvelo.
Ngokugqithisileyo isazi seengqondo seMerika egama linguJohn B. Watson ngokukhawuleza saba yinto enamandla kakhulu yokuziphatha. Ekuqaleni ekuchazeni imigaqo-siseko yesi sikolo esitsha sengcamango kwiphepha lakhe le-1913 i- Psychology njengoMbono woBomi , uWatson wabuya wanikela inkcazo kwincwadi yakhe yeklasi yokuziphatha (1924), ukubhala:
"Ukuziphatha ... kuthatha ukuba isifundo sengqondo somntu sisimo sokuziphatha komntu. Ukuziphatha kubonisa ukuba ukuqonda akuyona into ecacileyo okanye ingasetyenziswayo .Umntu onokuziphatha, oye waqeqeshwa uqeqesho njenge-experimentalist, ukuba inkolelo yokuba khona kwengqondo ibuyela kwiintsuku zamandulo zeenkolelo kunye nomlingo. "
Impembelelo yokuziphatha yayinkulu, kwaye esi sikolo sengqondo sasiqhubeka silawulwa kwiminyaka engama-50 elandelayo. Isazi sengqondo se- BF Skinner sasijonga indlela yokuziphatha yokuziphatha ngokucinga kwakhe ngesimo sokusebenza , esibonakalise impembelelo kunye nokuqiniswa kokuziphatha.
Nangona ukuziphatha kakubi ekugqibeleni kukulahlekelwa ingqalelo kwi-psychology, imigaqo-siseko yokuziphatha kwengqondo isetyenziswa kakhulu namhlanje. Iindlela zobuchwephesha ezifana nokuhlalutya kokuziphatha, ukuguqulwa kokuziphatha, kunye noqoqosho lweetekisi zisetyenziselwa ukunceda abantwana bafunde izakhono ezintsha kwaye banqobe iimpawu zokuziphatha ezingathandekiyo, ngelixa imeko isetyenziswa kwiimeko ezininzi ukusuka kumzali ukuya kwimfundo.
I-Third Force kwi-Psychology
Nangona isiqingatha sokuqala sekhulu lemashumi mabini sasilawulwa yi-psychoanalysis nokuziphatha, isikolo esitsha sengcamango esaziwa njengeengqondo zesintu savela ngexesha lesibini kwinkulungwane yekhulu. Ngokusoloko kuthiwa "amandla esithathu" kwingqondo, le ngcamango yembono igxininise amava okuqonda.
I-psychologist yaseMerika uCar Rogers udlalwa ukuba ngumnye wabasunguli besi sikolo. Nangona i-psychoanalyst ibheka iimpembelelo kunye neendlela zokuziphatha ezingabonakaliyo zijolise kwizinto ezingqongileyo, uRogers wayekholelwa ngamandla ngamandla okuzikhethela nokuzikhethela. Isazi sengqondo sengqondo uAbraham Maslow senze igalelo kwizengqondo zesintu kunye nolawulo lwakhe oludumileyo lweemfuno zeemfuno zabantu. Le ngcamango iphakanyiswe ukuba abantu baqhutywa ziimfuno ezinzima. Emva kokuba izidingo eziphambili zizalisekile, abantu banokukhuthazwa ukuba baphumelele kwizinga eliphezulu.
Psychology Cognitive
Ngexesha lama-1950 nango-1960, intshukumo eyaziwa ngokuthi inguqulelo yengqondo yaqala ukubamba ingqondo. Ngeli xesha, iingqondo zengqondo zaqala ukutshintsha i-psychoanalysis nokuziphatha njengendlela ebalulekileyo ekufundweni kwengqondo. Iingcali zengqondo zazisenomdla ekujongeni iimpawu ezibonakalayo, kodwa zaxhalabisa noko kwakwenzeka ngaphakathi kwengqondo.
Ukususela ngelo xesha, iingqondo zengqondo zihlala ziyingingqi ebalulekileyo yengqondo njengoko abaphandi baqhubeka befunda izinto ezinjengombono, imemori, ukwenziwa kwezigqibo, ukusombulula iingxaki, iilwimi kunye nolwimi. Ukuqaliswa kwezixhobo zokucinga zobuchopho ezifana ne-MRI kunye ne-PET ukukhangela kuye kwanceda ukuphucula amandla abaphandi ukuba bafunde ngokuphandle ukusebenza kwangaphakathi kwengqondo yomntu.
I-Psychology iyaqhubeka nokukhula
Njengoko ubonile kule nkcazo emfutshane yembali yengqondo, le ngqeqesho ibone ukukhula okuphawulekayo kunye noshintsho ukususela ekuqaleni kwayo esemthethweni kwilebhu yaseWundt. Ngokuqinisekileyo ibali alipheli apha. I-Psychology iye yaqhubeka iguqukela ukususela ngo-1960 kwaye kuye kwaziswa iingcamango ezintsha kunye nemibono . Uphando olutshanje kwengqondo lubhekiselele kwiinkalo ezininzi zolwazi lwabantu, kwiimpembelelo zezinto eziphilayo kwiimpembelelo kwiimpembelelo zentlalo nenkcubeko.
Namhlanje, uninzi lwabafundi bezengqondo abazichazi ngokwabo ngesinye isikolo sokucinga. Esikhundleni saloo nto, bahlala begxila kwingingqi ethile okanye ingcamango, ngokukhawuleza badonsa kwiimbono ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo. Le ndlela ye-eclectic inikezele ngeengcamango ezintsha kunye neengcamango eziya kuqhubeka nokuyila i-psychology kwiminyaka ezayo.
Ziphi na zonke iiNkwenkwezi kwiMbali yeZengqondo?
Njengoko ufunda kuyo nayiphina imbali yengqondo, unokutshutshiswa ngokukodwa kukuba iibhalo ezinjalo zibonakala zihlala ziphantse kwiingcamango kunye neminikelo yabantu. Oku akubangelwa kukuba abafazi babenomdla kwintsimi yeengqondo, kodwa ngokuyininzi ngenxa yokuba ababhinqileyo babengabandakanywa ekuqhubekeni nokuqeqeshwa kwezemfundo ngexesha lokuqala kwintsimi. Kukho inani labasetyhini abenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwimbali yokuqala yeengqondo, nangona umsebenzi wabo ngezinye iinkhathi unganakunakwa.
Abancinci abafazi abancinci beengqondo babandakanya:
- UMary Whiton Calkins , owayenelungelo lokufumana i-doctorate degree ukusuka eHarvard, nangona isikolo samenzela ukumnika iqondo kuba wayengumfazi. Wafunda kunye nabanye abacinga kakhulu ngalo mhla kuquka uWilliam James, uJosiya Royce noHugo Munsterberg. Naphezu kwemingcipheko awayejamelana nayo, waba ngumongameli wokuqala wesifazane we-American Psychological Association.
- U-Anna Freud , owenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwinkalo ye-psychoanalysis. Wachaza iindlela ezininzi zokukhusela kwaye uyaziwa ngokuba ngumsekeli wengqondo yengqondo yengqondo. Kwakhona waba nempembelelo kwezinye iingcali zengqondo kuquka u-Erik Erikson.
- UMary Ainsworth , owayengumbhali wezengqondo ophuhlisayo owenzela iminikelo ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni kwethu okunamathiselwe . Waqulunqa isicwangciso sokufunda abantwana kunye nabanakekeli abanomncedisi owaziwa ngokuba yi-"I-Situation Strange".
ILizwi
Ukuze uqonde indlela i-psychology eyayiba ngayo isayensi namhlanje, kubalulekile ukufunda kabanzi malunga nezinye iimbali zembali ezithintele ukuphuhliswa kwayo. Nangona ezinye zeengcamango ezazivela kwiminyaka yokuqala yeengqondo zengoku zijongwa njengezinto ezilula, ezidlulileyo, okanye ezingalunganga, ezi mpe mbelelo zakha isiqalo sentsimi kwaye zancedisa ukuba siyiqonde ngakumbi ingqondo kunye nokuziphatha komntu.
> Imithombo:
> Ukuqhafaza, uR & Rutherford, A. AbaPhayona beNzululwazi. ENew York: WW Norton; 2016.
> Lawson, RB, Graham, JE, & Baker, KM. I-History of Psychology. ENew York: uRoutledge; 2007.