Nangona iimbono ezininzi zikhona ukuchaza isizathu sokuba siphupha , akukho mntu uqonda ngokupheleleyo injongo yawo, akekho yindlela yokutolika intsingiselo yamaphupha. Iingcamango zingenangqiqo, kodwa ukuqonda intsingiselo yamaphupha ethu kungabonakalisa. Iingcamango zethu zophupha zinokutshintsha ngokukhawuleza, zizinto eziyinqaba, okanye zisisongela ngemifanekiso eyoyikisayo. Inyaniso yokuba amaphupha angaba nobutyebi kwaye anyanzelekile yintoni ebangela abaninzi ukuba bakholelwe ukuba kufuneka kubekho intsingiselo yamaphupha ethu.
Abanye abaphandi abavelele njengoG. William Domhoff bakhombisa ukuba amaphupha ayinakunceda injongo yangempela.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuchazwa kwamaphupha kuye kwanda kakhulu. Ngoxa uphando alubonakali injongo yamaphupha, iingcali ezininzi zikholelwa ukuba amaphupha anentsingiselo.
Ngokutsho kukaDomhoff:
"Intsingiselo" inxulumene nokuhambelana kunye nobudlelwane obuchanekileyo kwezinye iinguqu, kwaye ngokubhekiselele kuloo nto amaphupha anentsingiselo. "Ngaphezu koko," ukutyhilwa "kwezinto ezisengqondweni zethu. Umntu usinika umfanekiso ocacileyo kakhulu wengqondo womntu lowo. Sinike amaphupha angama-1000 ngaphezu kweeminyaka emininzi kwaye sinokukunika ingcamango yengqondo yomntu ephantse ibe yedwa kunye nechanileyo njengeminwe yakhe. "
Freud: Iphupho njengeNdlela eya kwiNgqondo engaziqondi
Encwadini yakhe ethi " Ukuchazwa Kwemfalelo ," uSigmund Freud wacebisa ukuba umxholo wephupha unxulumene nokufuna ukuzaliseka.
UFrud wayekholelwa ukuba umxholo wobonakaliso wephupha, okanye imifanekiso engokoqobo kunye neziganeko zephupha, wakhonza ukuguqula umxholo osiweyo okanye unqwenela umnqweno.
UFrud wachaza kwakhona izinto ezine kule nkqubo awayebhekisela kuyo ngokuthi "umsebenzi wokuphupha":
- Ukunyanzeliswa - Iimbono ezininzi kunye neengcamango zimelelwe ngaphakathi kwexesha elilodwa. Ulwazi lugqithiselwa kwingcamango eyodwa okanye umfanekiso.
- Ukufuduka - Lo msebenzi wempuphu ugqithisa intsingiselo yeemvakalelo zomxholo osileyo ngokudibanisa izinto ezibalulekileyo kunye ezingabalulekanga kwiphupha.
- Umqondiso - Lo msebenzi uphinda ucacise iingcamango eziphazamisekileyo eziqulethwe ngephupha ngokubandakanya izinto ezibhekiselele ekufuzeleni umxholo ophucukileyo wephupha.
- Ukuhlaziywa kwesiSekondari - Ngeli nqanaba lokugqibela leprogram yokuphupha, uFrud uncetyiswa ukuba izinto eziyinqabileyo zephupha zihlelwe ngokutsha ukuze zenze iphupha liqondwe, ngaleyo ndlela ivelise umxholo wokubonakalisa kwiphupha.
I-Jung: iArchetypes kunye neNgqoqo engaqhelwangayo:
Ngoxa uCarl Jung wabelana ngeziganeko ezifanayo kunye noFrud, wayeziva ukuba amaphupha ayengaphezu kokubonakalisa iimfuno eziphazamisekileyo. UJung waphakamisa ukuba amaphupha abonakalisa okokungazi kunye kunye kunye kunye nokukholelwa ukuba amaphupha ahlawulela iinxalenye zeengqondo ezingapheliyo ekuvukeni. Ngokuchasene nezibhengezo zikaJung, nangona kunjalo, uphando olwenziwe yiHolo luye lwabonisa ukuba iimpawu abantu ababonayo xa bevuka zifana nezo zivakaliswe ngamaphupha.
UJung uphakamisa ukuba i- archetypes ezifana ne-anima, isithunzi, kunye ne-animus zivame ukumela izinto ezifanisayo okanye amanani kumaphupha.
Ezi mqondiso, wayekholelwa, zimelela isimo sengqondo esicinezelwe yingqondo engqondweni . Ngokungafani noFreud, owayevame ukuphakamisa ukuba iimpawu ezithile zimelela iingcamango ezingacacanga, uJung wayekholelwa ukuba amaphupha angaba nobuqu kakhulu kwaye ukutolika la maphupha kubandakanye ukwazi kakhulu malunga nomphuphi ngamnye.
IHolo: Iingcamango njengeNkqubo yoCoceko
UCalvin S. Hall ucebisa ukuba amaphupha ayingxenye yenkqubo yokuqonda apho amaphupha asebenza "njengamacandelo" ezinxulumene nobomi bethu. IHolo ikhangele iingongoma kunye neepateni ngokuhlalutya amawaka eemaphupha eziphuphayo ukusuka kubathathi-nxaxheba, ekugqibeleni ukudala inkqubo yokwenza ikhowudi ehlukeneyo ekwahlukileyo kwiinjongo zethu kwiindidi zamanani.
Ngokweengcamango zeHolo, ukutolika amaphupha kudinga ukwazi:
- izenzo zephupha ngaphakathi kwephupha
- izinto kunye namanani ephupheni
- ukusebenzisana phakathi komphuphi kunye nabalinganiswa kwiphupha
- ukulungiswa kwephupha, ukuguqulwa, kunye nesiphumo
Injongo ephambili yale ngcaciso yephupha ayiyikuqonda iphupha, nangona kunjalo, kodwa ukuqonda umphuphi.
Domhoff: Iingcamango njengeNgqangi yoBomi bokuKhula
UG.William Domhoff ngumphenyi ovelele ophuphayo owafunda kunye neCalvin Hall kwiYunivesithi yaseMiami. Kwizifundo eziphambili kwimixholo yamaphupha, u-Domhoff ufumene ukuba amaphupha abonakalisa iingcinga kunye nokukhathazeka komphefumlo ophuphayo. U-Domhoff ubonisa indlela yokuphucula iinjongo zamaphupha apho inkqubo yokuphupha iiphumo kwiinkqubo ze-neurological system kunye neenkqubo zezicwangciso . Iphupha eliphuphayo, ubonisa iziphumo ezivela kule nkqubo.
Ukuthakazelisa Itophu Ukuchazwa
Ukususela ngee-1970, ukuguqulelwa kwephupha kuye kwanda ukubonga ngokubalulekayo ukusebenzela abalobi njengo-Ann Faraday. Kwiincwadi ezifana ne "Dream Game," i-Faraday icacise iindlela kunye neengcamango kunokuba nabani na abanokuzisebenzisa ukutolika amaphupha abo. Namhlanje, abathengi banokuthenga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeencwadi ezinikezela izichazili zephupha, izikhokelo zecatshulwa, kunye neengcebiso zokutolika nokuqonda amaphupha.
Uphando lwephupha luya kuqhubeka lukhula kwaye luvelise umdla kubantu abanomdla wokuqonda intsingiselo yamaphupha abo. Nangona kunjalo, uphupha ingcali uG. William Domhoff uncoma ukuba "... ngaphandle kokuba ufumene amaphupha akho amnandi, ukuthakazelisa ngokwengqondo, okanye ukuvuselela ubugcisa, ke uzive ukhululekile ukulibala amaphupha akho." Nabanye abanjengoCartwright noKaszniak bacebisa ukuba ukuchazwa kwephupha kunokwenzela ngokucacileyo malunga nomtoliki kunokuba kuthini ngentsingiselo yephupha ngokwayo.
I-Dream Dream Meaning Yokuba ixhomekeke kwiingxaki zakho
Abaphandi uCarey Morewedge kunye noMichael Norton baye bafunda amaphupha abantu abangaphezu kwe-1 000 abavela eMelika, eNdiya naseMzantsi Korea. Into abayifumene kukuba abafundi abambalwa abakwiikholeji abaye bathatha inxaxheba ekuphandeni babekholelwa ukuba amaphupha abo kwakungokumphendululwa kwengqondo kwindlela yokuphosa. Kunoko, ininzi yeengcamango zikaFreud zokuthi amaphupha abonisa ukuba unqwenela kwaye unxusa.
Oko bakufumanisa nangona kunjalo, ukuba ubunzima nokubaluleka kwabantu abanamathele kumaphupha abo kuxhomekeka kakhulu kwizinto zabo. Abantu banokuthi bakhumbule amaphupha amabi xa bebandakanya abantu abayithandiyo ngaphambili. Kananjalo banako ukuthabatha amaphupha afanelekileyo ukuba baquka abahlobo okanye abathandekayo.
Ngamanye amagama, abantu bayakhuthazwa ukutolika amaphupha abo ngeendlela ezixhasa iinkolelo zabo ezikhoyo malunga nabo, ihlabathi kunye nabantu ababajikelezile. Abaphandi bafumanisa ukuba izinto ezinjengeenkxalabo zokuqinisekisa kunye nokuzikhethela okuzimeleyo zichaphazela nendlela abantu abaphendula ngayo amaphupha abo.
Ngenxa yokuba abantu bavame ukuthatha amaphupha abo ngokugqithiseleyo, abaphandi bacinga ukuba, la maphupha angaba yinto ethile yesiprofeto esizizalisayo. Ukuba uphupha ukuba uya kuphumelela uvavanyo, ungancitshiswa ukuba ufunde okanye ude ucinezeleke ukuba wenza kakubi.
Iingcamango zinokuthi okanye zingenalo intsingiselo kodwa inyaniso isala ukuba ukutolika amaphupha kuye kwaba yinto edlulileyo edlulileyo. Abanye abantu baze bazise izigqibo ezibalulekileyo zobomi kwiingxelo zamaphupha abo. Funda kabanzi malunga naziphi ezinye iinguqulelo zephupha zanamhlanje zithetha ngamanye amaphupha aqhelekileyo kunye noko bathetha ukuthini .
> Imithombo:
> I-Cartwright RD neKaszniak, A. (1991). I-psychology yoluntu yeengxelo zephupha. Ku-SJ Ellman & JS Antrobus (u-Eds.), Ingqondo elele: I-Psychology kunye ne-psychophysiology, (i-2nd ed.) . ENew York: iWiley.
> Freud, S. (1900). Ukutolika kweeNkanuko.
> Domhoff, GW (2002). "Kwimodeli ye-Neurocognitive of Dreams" .
> Domhoff, GW (1996). Ukufumana intsingiselo kumaphupha: Indlela yokwenza. I-New York neLondon: I-Plenum Press.
> Jung, uCarl (1966). "Ukusetyenziswa okuSebenzayo kokuhlaziywa kwephupha." I-Practice of Psychotherapy: Iimvavanyo kwi-Psychology of Transference.