Zininzi iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucinga ngokuziphatha kwabantu. Iingcali zengqondo zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo xa zifunda indlela abantu bacinga ngayo, bazive baze baziphathe ngayo. Abanye abaphandi bagxila kwisikolo esithile sengcamango, njengombono wezinto eziphilayo, ngelixa abanye bathatha indlela eclectic eyongezelelekileyo ebandakanya imiba emininzi yokujonga. Akukho mbono omnye "olungcono" kunomnye; ngamnye umane ugcizelela iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokuziphatha kwabantu.
Iimpembelelo ezinkulu kwiNzululwazi yeeNje
Iminyaka yokuqala yengqondo yabonakaliswa ngulawulo lokulandelana kwezikolo ezahlukeneyo zokucinga. Ukuba uke wathatha ikhosi yengqondo esikolweni, mhlawumbi ukhumbule ukufunda ngezi zikolo ezahlukeneyo ezibandakanya ukulungiswa komsebenzi, ukusebenza komsebenzi, i-psychoanalysis, ukuziphatha nokuziphatha kwabantu. Njengoko i-psychology yanda, kunjalo nenani kunye neendidi zezihloko eziphengululweyo zengqondo. Ukususela ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1960, intsimi yeengqondo ikhule kwaye iqhubeka ikhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye ngokunjalo ububanzi nobubanzi bezinto ezifundiswa ngabafundi beengqondo.
Namhlanje, bambalwa abanokholo kwengqondo bachaza indlela yabo yokujonga ngokweenkolo ezithile. Ngelixa usenokuba ufumana abadlali abathandekayo okanye abaphambili beengqondo, ubuninzi beengqondo zeengqondo kunoko bahlula umsebenzi wabo ngokweendawo zabo ezizodwa kunye nombono.
Izindlela ezahlukeneyo kwiSihloko esifanayo
Isihloko ngasinye kwisingqondo sengqondo singakhangela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.
Ngokomzekelo, makhe sicinge ngesihloko sobudlova . Umntu ogxininisa umbono wezinto eziphilayo uya kujonga indlela ubuchopho kunye nenkqubo yeentlanzi ezichaphazela ngayo ukuziphatha okubi. Ubungcali obugxininisa indlela yokuziphatha kuza kubheka indlela ukuchithwa kwemeko engqongileyo kugqugquzela ngayo izenzo ezinobundlobongela.
Esinye isazi senzululwazi esisebenzise indlela yokuhamba kwenkcubeko inokuqwalasela indlela iimeko zentlalo nezentlalo ezithintela ngayo kwizenzo ezinobundlobongela okanye zobundlobongela.
Nazi ezisixhenxe zeendlela eziphambili kwiengqondo zanamhlanje.
I-Psychodynamic Perspective
Umbono we-psychodynamic ovela kumsebenzi we- Sigmund Freud . Lo mbono weengqondo kunye nokuziphatha komntu kugxininisa indima yengqondo engakwaziyo , amava okuqala abantwana, kunye nolwalamano olunxulumene noluntu ukucacisa indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu nokuphatha abantu abanezifo zengqondo.
I-Psychoanalysis yaba enye yeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwimikhosi yengqondo ngenxa yomsebenzi kaFrud kunye nefuthe. I-Freud ikhulelwe ingqondo njengoko iqulunqwe ngezinto ezintathu eziphambili: id, i-ego, kunye ne-superego . I-id iyinxalenye yengqondo equka zonke izifiso ezinqabileyo nezingazi. I-ego yinkalo ye-psyche ekufuneka ihlangabezane neemfuno zehlabathi lenene. I-superego yincandelo lokugqibela le-psyche ukuphuhlisa kwaye inikwe umsebenzi wokulawula yonke imilinganiselo yethu yokuziphatha, imigangatho kunye neminqweno.
2. Iinjongo zokuziphatha
Ingqondo yengqondo yimbono ejolise ekuziphatheni okufundayo. Ukuziphatha kuyahluke kwezinye iimbono ezininzi kuba endaweni yokugxininisa amazwe angaphakathi, ijolise kuphela kwimimiselo ebonakalayo.
Nangona lesi sikolo sengcamango sasilawula i-psychology ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka le-20, saqala ukulahlekelwa ibamba ngexesha lama-1950. Namhlanje, indlela yokuziphatha iyakhathazeka ngayo nendlela iimpawu ezifundwayo kunye nokuqiniswa ngayo. Imigaqo yokuziphatha isetyenziswa rhoqo kwizicwangciso zempilo yengqondo, apho abaphengululi kunye nabacebisi basebenzisa oku buchule ukuba bachaze kwaye baphathe izifo ezahlukeneyo.
3. Ingqiqo yeCognitive
Ngeeminyaka yama-1960, imbono entsha eyaziwa ngokuba yingqondo yengqondo yaqala ukubamba. Le ndawo yengqondo ijolise kwiinkqubo zengqondo ezifana nememori, ukucinga, ukusombulula iingxaki, ulwimi kunye nokwenza izigqibo.
Ukunyanzeliswa ngabaphathi beengqondo ezifana noJean Piaget no- Albert Bandura , le ngongoma ikhulile kakhulu kwiminyaka emva nje.
Iingcali zengqondo zengqondo zisoloko zisebenzisa i-model-processing model, ukuthelekisa ingqondo yomntu kwikhomputha, ukuqonda indlela ulwazi olufunyenweyo ngayo, ukucutshungulwa, ukugcinwa kunye nokusetyenziswa.
4. Iinjongo zeBioological
Ukufunda nge-physiology kwadlala indima enkulu ekuphuhliseni i-psychology njengesazi eyahlukeneyo. Namhlanje, lo mbono uyaziwa njengengqondo yengqondo. Ngamanye amaxesha kuthiwa yi-biopsychology okanye i-psychological psychology, le ngongoma yombono igxininisa isiseko somzimba nesimo sezinto eziphilayo.
Abaphandi abathatha iimbono ze-biological kwi-psychology bangabheka indlela i-genetics echaphazela ngayo iimpawu ezahlukileyo okanye ukuba umonakalo kwiindawo ezithile zobuchopho zichaphazela njani ukuziphatha nobuntu. Izinto ezinjengeenkqubo zesifo, i-genetics, ingqondo, isistim somzimba, kunye neenkqubo ze-endocrine zizinto ezimbalwa zezifundo ezithandwa ngabantu beengqondo.
Lo mbono uye wanda kakhulu kwiminyaka embalwa edluleyo, ngokukodwa ngokuqhubela phambili ekukwazi ukuhlola nokuqonda ingqondo yomntu kunye nenkqubo yesantya. Izixhobo ezinjenge-imagination magontic resonance (MRI) kunye nepositron emission tomography (PET) izicwangciso zivumela abaphandi ukuba bajonge ubuchopho phantsi kweemeko ezahlukeneyo. Iingcali ngoku zijonge imiphumo yomonakalo wengqondo, iziyobisi kunye nezifo ngeendlela ezingenakwenzeka kwixesha elidlulileyo.
I-Perspective ye-Cross-Cultural Perspective
I-psychological cross-culture yembono entsha ekhulile kakhulu kwiminyaka engamashumi amabini edlulileyo. Iingcali zengqondo kunye nabaphandi kule sikolo sengcamango bajonga ukuziphatha kwabantu kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. Ngokujonga le mihluko, sinokufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela inkcubeko ifuthe ngayo ukucinga nokuziphatha kwethu.
Ngokomzekelo, abaphandi baye bajonga indlela iimpawu zentlalo ezahlukileyo ngayo kwiinkcubeko ezizimeleyo kunye nezihlangeneyo . Kwiinkcubeko ezizimeleyo , ezifana ne-US, abantu bavame ukusebenzisa umgudu omncinci xa beyinxalenye yeqela, into eyaziwa ngokuba yindawo yokutya . Kwiinkcubeko ezihlangeneyo ezifana neChina, nangona kunjalo, abantu bavame ukusebenza nzima xa beyinxalenye yeqela.
6. I-Evolutionary Perspective
Iingqondo zengqungquthela ijolise ekuhloliseni indlela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuchaza ngayo iinkqubo zomzimba. Iingcali zengqondo kunye nabaphandi bathatha imigaqo-siseko yokuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuquka ukukhethwa kwendalo, kwaye bayisebenzise kwiziganeko zengqondo. Lo mbono ukhombisa ukuba ezi nkqubo zengqondo zikhona kuba zikhonza injongo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo-zinceda ekusindeni nasekuzaleni.
7. I-Persistective Perspective
Ngexesha le-1950, isikolo sokucinga esaziwa ngokuba yingqondo yesintu savela. Ephazamiseka kakhulu ngumsebenzi wabantu abavelele njengeCar Rogers noAbraham Maslow , eli gxininisa ligxininisa indima yefuthe ekucingeni nasekuziphatheni.
Iingcamango ezinjenge-self-actualization ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kule mbono. Abo bathatha iimbono zabantu bajolise kwiindlela abantu abaqhutyelwa ngazo ukuba bakhule, batshintshe, kwaye bahlakulele amandla abo. I-psychological positive , egxile ekuncedeni abantu ukuba baphile ubomi obonwabileyo, ubomi obuphilileyo, ngumnye umanyathelo osandul 'ukutshintsha kwengqondo.
Iingcamango Zokugqibela
Kukho iindlela ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo zokucinga ngcamango yabantu kunye nokuziphatha. Iintlobo zeengcamango zengqondo zanamhlanje zinika abaphandi nabafundi izixhobo zokujongana neengxaki kwaye zibanceda bafumane iindlela ezintsha zokuchazela nokuqikelela ukuziphatha kwabantu, okukhokelela ekuphuhlisweni kweendlela ezintsha zokuphathwa kweengxaki zokuziphatha.