Indlela yokuQinisa isetyenziswe ngayo kwiSychology
Enye yeendlela ezininzi ezahlukileyo apho abantu bangafunda khona kwinkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yimeko yokusebenza. Oku kubandakanya ukufunda ngokuqinisa okanye ukujeziswa. Uhlobo lokuqiniswa olutyenzisiweyo lunokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwindlela yokufunda ngokukhawuleza kunye namandla onke ekuphenduleni.
Ukuqonda ukuQiniswa kweeNzululwazi
Ukuqiniswa kukusetyenziswa kwimeko ekubhekiselele kwisimo esisebenzayo ukubhekisela kuyo nayiphi na into eyenza ukwenzeka ukuba iimpendulo ziya kwenzeka.
Qaphela ukuba ukuqiniswa kuchazwa ngempembelelo enokuziphatha-kwandisa okanye kuqinisa impendulo.
Ngokomzekelo, ukuqiniswa kunokubandakanya ukubonisa indumiso (i-reinforcer) ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba umntwana eshiya iimathoyizi zakhe (impendulo). Ngokuqinisa ukuziphatha okufunwayo ngokudumisa, umntwana uya kuba nako ukwenza okufanayo kwakhona kwixesha elizayo.
Ukuqiniswa kunokubandakanya nayiphi na into eqinisa okanye ekwandiseni ukuziphatha, kuquka nemiphumo ebonakalayo, iziganeko kunye neemeko. Kwimeko yokufunda egumbini, umzekelo, iintlobo zokuqiniswa zingabandakanya ukudumisa, ukuphuma kumsebenzi ongafunekiyo, imivuzo yomqondiso, i-candy, ixesha lokudlala elongezelelweyo kunye nemisebenzi emnandi.
UkuQiniswa kweePrayimari nakwiSondlo
Kukho iindidi ezibalulekileyo zokuqiniswa:
- Ukuqiniswa kweprayimari: ngokuqinisekileyo ukuqiniswa kwamabanga amaxesha ngokubhekiselwe kuthiwa ukuqiniswa ngokungenamthetho. Kwenzeka ngokwemvelo kwaye ayifuni ukufunda ukuze kusebenze. Abancedisi baseprayimari bavame ukuba nesiseko sokuziphendukela kwemvelo ekubeni bancedisa ekusindisweni kweentlobo. Imizekelo yabanqabileyo abakuqala iquka ukutya, umoya, ubuthongo, amanzi kunye nesondo. I-Genetics kunye namava angabamba indima ekuqinisekiseni ukuba izinto ezinjalo zisebenza. Umzekelo, ngelixa umntu omnye unokufumana uhlobo oluthile lokutya luvuyisa kakhulu, omnye umntu angayithandi loo nto.
- Ukuqiniswa kwesiSibini: Ukuqiniswa kwamabanga aphakamileyo, kwaziwa nangokuthi ukuqiniswa kwesimo, kuququzelele ukunyaniseka okuye kwaba nomvuzo ngokubambisana kunye nokuvuselelwa okunye. Ngokomzekelo, xa uqeqeshwa inja, udumo kunye nokuphatha lunokusetyenziswa njengezakhono eziphambili. Isandi seklibhokisi sinokudityaniswa kunye nendumiso kwaye sisebenze de kube isandi sokuqakraza ngokwayo siqala ukusebenza njengesiqiniseko sesibini.
Iintlobo zokuQiniswa
Kwimeko yokusebenza, kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo zokuqiniswa. Zombini zale ndlela zendlela yokuqinisa impembelelo yokuziphatha, kodwa zenza njalo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezi zimbini ziquka:
- Ukuqiniswa ngokufanelekileyo kubandakanya ukongeza into yokwandisa impendulo, njengokunikezela i-candy kumntwana emva kokuhlambulula igumbi lakhe.
- Ukuqiniswa okungafanelekanga kubandakanya ukususa into ukwenzela ukwandisa impendulo, njengokucima imibuzo xa abafundi bephendulela yonke imisebenzi yabo yesikolo ngeveki. Ngokususa i-stimulus (i-quiz), utitshala unethemba lokunyusa ukuziphatha okufunayo (ukugqiba yonke imisebenzi yasekhaya).
Nangona le migomo ibandakanya amagama anembile kunye neengxaki, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-Skinner engayisebenzisi oku kuthetha "okuhle" okanye "okubi." Endaweni yoko, cinga ukuba zezi zithini ukuthetha xa usebenzisa i-mathmatically. Ukuchaneka kukulingana nesibonakaliso, kuquka into into eyongeziweyo okanye ifakwe kwimeko. Ukungalungi kukulingana nomqondiso osisigxina, esithetha into ethile isuswe okanye isuswe kwimeko.
Imizekelo yokuQiniswa kwiLizwe leNene
Nazi izimbalwa ezimbalwa zehlabathi zendlela ukuqinisekiswa kunokusetyenziswa ngayo ukutshintsha ukuziphatha:
- Ngethuba lokusebenza kweqela lakho le-softball, umqeqeshi uyamemeza, "Umsebenzi omkhulu!" emva kokuba uphonsa umgca. Ngenxa yoko, unako ukufaka ibhola ngendlela efanayo kwakhona. Lo ngumzekelo wokuqiniswa okuqinisekileyo.
- Xa usebenza, udlula i-quota yakho yokuthengisa kwenyanga kwaye ngoko ufumana ibhonasi njengenxalenye yokuhlawula kwakho. Oku kwenza ukuba kube nzima ukuba uzame ukudlula i-quota encinci yokuthengisa kwakhona ngenyanga ezayo. Lo ngowomnye umzekelo wokuqiniswa okulungileyo.
- Uya kumgqirha wakho ukuze uphendule umkhuhlane wakho wonyaka ukuze uphephe ukuza nomkhuhlane. Kule meko, ubandakanyeka ekuziphatheni (ukufumana ukudubula) ukuze ugweme ukuvuthwa okuphazamisayo (ukugula). Lo ngumzekelo wokuqiniswa okungalunganga.
- Udibanisa i-aloe vera gel ekutshweni kwelanga ukukhusela ukutshiswa kokulimaza. Ukusebenzisa i-gel ekutshiseni kuvimbela isiphumo esiphezulu (intlungu), ngoko ke lo ngumzekelo wokuqiniswa okungalunganga. Ngenxa yokuba ukubandakanya ekuziphatheni kunciphisa umphumo omkhulu, uya kuba nokusebenzisa kwakhona i-aloe vera gel kwakhona kwikamva. Lo ngowomnye umzekelo wokuqiniswa kakubi.
- Uthabatha i-acetaminophen ukulahla ikhanda elibi. Emva kwemizuzu engama-15 okanye engama-20, intlungu ekhanda yakho iya kugqitywa. Ngenxa yokuba ukuthatha iipilisi kukuvumela ukuba uphelise imeko ephazamisayo, kwenza ukuba kube lula ukuba uthathe iipilisi zintlungu kwakhona kwixesha elizayo ukujongana nentlungu. Lo ngowomnye umzekelo wokuqiniswa kakubi.
Izinto ezichaphazela amandla okuphendula
Njani kwaye xa ukuqinisekiswa kuhanjiswa njani kunokuchaphazela amandla onke okuphendula. Amandla alinganiswa ngokunyamezela, ubude, ubude, nokuchaneka kwempendulo emva kokuqiniswa.
Ukuqiniswa okuqhubekayo
Kwiimeko apho ukuqinisekiswa okwangoku kulawulwa, njengokuba ngexesha loqeqesho, ixesha lokuxhaswa kwenkxaso-mali liyakwenziwa. Ngexesha lokuqala lokufunda, ukuqiniswa okuqhubekayo kusetyenziswa rhoqo, njengokuba uqala ukufundisa inja yakho inkohliso entsha. Le shedyuli ibandakanya ukuqinisa impendulo rhoqo rhoqo.
UkuQiniswa koNyaka
Emva kokuba ukuziphatha kufunyenwe, kudla ngokuba yinto efanelekileyo yokutshintshela kwishedyuli yokuqinisa. Iintlobo ezine eziphambili zokuqiniswa ngokukodwa zi:
- Iishedyuli ze-Fixed-ratio: Ukuqiniswa kokuziphatha emva kwenani elithile leempendulo ezenzekile.
- Iishedyuli zexesha elimisiweyo : Ukuqiniswa kokuziphatha emva kwexesha elithile liye laphela.
- Iishedyuli zemiba ehlukeneyo : Ukuqiniswa kokuziphatha emva kwenani elingapheliyo leempendulo.
- Iishedyuli zexesha elichanekileyo : Ukuqiniswa kokuziphatha emva kwexesha elingalindelekanga lexesha liye laphela.
ILizwi
Ukuqinisekiswa kudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokusebenza kwenkqubo. Xa zisetyenziselwa ngokufanelekileyo, ukuqiniswa kunokusetyenziswa kwindlela yokufunda efanelekileyo yokukhuthaza iimpawu ezinqwenelekayo nokuphazamisa abangathandekiyo.
Kubalulekile ukuba ukhumbule ukuba yintoni eyenza ukuqiniswa kunokuhluka ukusuka komnye umntu ukuya kwenye. Kwimeko yokufundela iklasi, umzekelo, umntwana omnye unokufumana ukunyanzeliswa kokunyanga xa omnye engase abe nomdla kumvuzo onjalo. Kwezinye iziganeko, yintoni eyomeleza ngayo inokumangalisa ngokwenene. Ukuba umntwana ufumana ingqwalasela kubazali bakhe xa ehlaselwa, ingqalelo ingakwazi ukuqinisa ukuziphatha kakubi.
Ngokufunda ngokubanzi malunga nokusebenza okuqinisekisayo, unokufumana ukuqonda okungcono indlela iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokuqinisa zifaka isandla ekufundeni nasekuziphatheni.
> Imithombo:
> Hockenbury SE, Nolan SA. Psychology. I-New York: AbaPashi Abafanelekileyo; 2014.
> Skinner BF. Ubume bokuQiniswa: Uhlalutyo lweengxelo. BF Skinner Foundation; 2013.